25,080 research outputs found
Mapping and Displaying Structural Transformations between XML and PDF
Documents are often marked up in XML-based tagsets to delineate major structural components such as headings, paragraphs, figure captions and so on, without much regard to their eventual displayed appearance. And yet these same abstract documents, after many transformations and 'typesetting' processes, often emerge in the popular format of Adobe PDF, either for dissemination or archiving.
Until recently PDF has been a totally display-based document representation, relying on the underlying PostScript semantics of PDF. Early versions of PDF had no mechanism for retaining any form of abstract document structure but recent releases have now introduced an internal structure tree to create the so called 'Tagged PDF'.
This paper describes the development of a plugin for Adobe Acrobat which creates a two-window display. In one window is shown an XML document original and in the other its Tagged PDF counterpart is seen, with an internal structure tree that, in some sense, matches the one seen in XML. If a component is highlighted in either window then the corresponding structured item, with any attendant text, is also highlighted in the other window.
Important applications of correctly Tagged PDF include making PDF documents reflow intelligently on small screen devices and enabling them to be read out in correct reading order, via speech synthesiser software, for the visually impaired. By tracing structure transformation from source document to destination one can implement the repair of damaged PDF structure or the adaptation of an existing structure tree to an incrementally updated document
A Face-On Tully-Fisher Relation
We construct the first "face-on" Tully-Fisher (TF) relation for 24 galaxies
with inclinations between 16 degrees and 41 degrees. The enabling measurements
are integral-field, echelle spectroscopy from the WIYN 3.5m telescope, which
yield accurate kinematic estimates of disk inclination to 15 degrees. Kinematic
inclinations are of sufficient accuracy that our measured TF scatter of 0.42
mag is comparable to other surveys even without internal-absorption
corrections. Three of four galaxies with significant kinematic and photometric
asymmetries also have the largest deviations from our TF relation, suggesting
that asymmetries make an important contribution to TF scatter. By measuring
inclinations below 40 degrees, we establish a direct path to linking this
scatter to the unprojected structure of disks and making non-degenerate
dynamical mass-decompositions of spiral galaxies.Comment: 13 pages, 3 figures (2 color). Accepted for publication in ApJ
Letter
Large Fluctuations in the High-Redshift Metagalactic Ionizing Background
Recent observations have shown that the scatter in opacities among coeval
segments of the Lyman-alpha forest increases rapidly at z > 5. In this paper,
we assess whether the large scatter can be explained by fluctuations in the
ionizing background in the post-reionization intergalactic medium. We find that
matching the observed scatter at z ~ 5.5 requires a short spatially averaged
mean free path of 3 shorter than direct
measurements at z ~ 5.2. We argue that such rapid evolution in the mean free
path is difficult to reconcile with our measurements of the global H I
photoionization rate, which stay approximately constant over the interval z ~
4.8 - 5.5. However, we also show that measurements of the mean free path at z >
5 are likely biased towards higher values by the quasar proximity effect. This
bias can reconcile the short values of the mean free path that are required to
explain the large scatter in opacities. We discuss the implications of this
scenario for cosmological reionization. Finally, we investigate whether other
statistics applied to the z > 5 Lyman-alpha forest can shed light on the origin
of the scatter. Compared to a model with a uniform ionizing background, models
that successfully account for the scatter lead to enhanced power in the
line-of-sight flux power spectrum on scales k < 0.1 h/Mpc. We find tentative
evidence for this enhancement in observations of the high-redshift Lyman-alpha
forest.Comment: Matches version published by MNRAS with clarifications and expanded
discussio
Open-Loop Spatial Multiplexing and Diversity Communications in Ad Hoc Networks
This paper investigates the performance of open-loop multi-antenna
point-to-point links in ad hoc networks with slotted ALOHA medium access
control (MAC). We consider spatial multiplexing transmission with linear
maximum ratio combining and zero forcing receivers, as well as orthogonal space
time block coded transmission. New closed-form expressions are derived for the
outage probability, throughput and transmission capacity. Our results
demonstrate that both the best performing scheme and the optimum number of
transmit antennas depend on different network parameters, such as the node
intensity and the signal-to-interference-and-noise ratio operating value. We
then compare the performance to a network consisting of single-antenna devices
and an idealized fully centrally coordinated MAC. These results show that
multi-antenna schemes with a simple decentralized slotted ALOHA MAC can
outperform even idealized single-antenna networks in various practical
scenarios.Comment: 51 pages, 19 figures, submitted to IEEE Transactions on Information
Theor
Asymptotic SER and Outage Probability of MIMO MRC in Correlated Fading
This letter derives the asymptotic symbol error rate (SER) and outage
probability of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) maximum ratio combining
(MRC) systems. We consider Rayleigh fading channels with both transmit and
receive spatial correlation. Our results are based on new asymptotic
expressions which we derive for the p.d.f. and c.d.f. of the maximum eigenvalue
of positive-definite quadratic forms in complex Gaussian matrices. We prove
that spatial correlation does not affect the diversity order, but that it
reduces the array gain and hence increases the SER in the high SNR regime.Comment: 10 pages, 2 figures, to appear in IEEE Signal Processing Letter
How can we test seesaw experimentally?
The seesaw mechanism for the small neutrino mass has been a popular paradigm,
yet it has been believed that there is no way to test it experimentally. We
present a conceivable outcome from future experiments that would convince us of
the seesaw mechanism. It would involve a variety of data from LHC, ILC,
cosmology, underground, and low-energy flavor violation experiments to
establish the case.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figure
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