The effect of combined sewer overflow (CSO) on the abundance of antibiotic resistant bacteria in the James River

Antibiotics have been used to treat bacterial infections worldwide since their discovery in the early 20th century and are vital to human health. Unfortunately, the heavy use of antibiotics has led to the increased natural selection of antibiotic resistant bacteria. In urban rivers, the spread of resistance resistance is through through the direct acquisition of resistance genes by either either either cell-to -cell contact or DNA uptake via a process called horizontal gene transfer transfer(HGT) 2.HGT, resistance genes, and resistant bacteria are in greater abundance in wastewater systems, and are released into the environment in wastewater plant effluent2,3. One problematic method of wastewater treatment, used in over over 750 cities in the US, is the Combined Sewer System System(CSS) 4.This collects the water from both rainfall and sewage for treatment at a single facility.Occasionally when it rains, the treatment plant exceeds capacity and the combined untreated effluent enters the river in what is called a CSO (Combined Sewer Overflow) event. Some studies have found that antibiotic resistance genes can be more abundant in river water water affected by wastewater treatment effluent and correlated with CSO events events 7

Effect of Tidal Cycling Rate on the Distribution and Abundance of Nitrogen-Oxidizing Bacteria in a Bench-Scale Fill-and-Drain Bioreactor

Most domestic wastewater can be effectively treated for secondary uses by engineered biological systems. These systems rely on microbial activity to reduce nitrogen (N) content of the reclaimed water. Such systems often employ a tidal-flow process to minimize space requirements for the coupling of aerobic and anaerobic metabolic processes. In this study, laboratory-scale tidal-flow treatment systems were studied to determine how the frequency and duration of tidal cycling may impact reactor performance. Fluorescent in situ hybridization and epifluorescence microscopy were used to enumerate the key functional groups of bacteria responsible for nitrification and anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox), and N-removal efficiency was calculated via a mass-balance approach. When water was cycled (i.e., reactors were filled and drained) at high frequencies (16–24 cycles day−1), nitrate accumulated in the columns—presumably due to inadequate periods of anoxia that limited denitrification. At lower frequencies, such as 4 cycles day−1, nearly complete N removal was achieved (80–90%). These fill-and-drain systems enriched heavily for nitrifiers, with relatively few anammox-capable organisms. The microbial community produced was robust, surviving well through short (up to 3 h) anaerobic periods and frequent system-wide perturbation

Evolutionary history influences the salinity preference of bacterial taxa in wetland soils

Salinity is a major driver of bacterial community composition across the globe. Despite growing recognition that different bacterial species are present or active at different salinities, the mechanisms by which salinity structures community composition remain unclear. We tested the hypothesis that these patterns reflect ecological coherence in the salinity preferences of phylogenetic groups using a reciprocal transplant experiment of fresh- and saltwater wetland soils. The salinity of both the origin and host environments affected community composition (16S rRNA gene sequences) and activity (CO2 and CH4 production, and extracellular enzyme activity). These changes in community composition and activity rates were strongly correlated, which suggests the effect of environment on function could be mediated, at least in part, by microbial community composition. Based on their distribution across treatments, each phylotype was categorized as having a salinity preference (freshwater, saltwater, or none) and phylogenetic analyses revealed a significant influence of evolutionary history on these groupings. This finding was corroborated by examining the salinity preferences of high-level taxonomic groups. For instance, we found that the majority of α- and γ-proteobacteria in these wetland soils preferred saltwater, while many β-proteobacteria prefer freshwater. Overall, our results indicate the effect of salinity on bacterial community composition results from phylogenetically-clustered salinity preferences

Greenhouse Gas Emissions Over a Tidal Cycle in a Freshwater Wetland

Tidal freshwater wetlands are located at the interface of non-tidal freshwater riverine systems and estuarine tidal systems. These habitats experience freshwater tides, creating unique redoximorphic soil characteristics while simultaneously presenting an opportunity for hydrologic nutrient transport into the system. Because of this periodic flooding and draining, tidal freshwater wetlands are systems of intense biogeochemical transformations, which are microbially mediated. Several microbial transformations (e.g., methanogenesis, incomplete denitrification, and nitrification) result in the production of greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, and N2O) at globally-significant levels. For example, wetlands are one of the greatest sources of methane on Earth, accounting for 20-33% of the global methane budget (Schlesinger and Bernhardt, 2013). Compared to global methane emission estimates, the global nitrous oxide budget remains largely uncertain (Tian et al. 2015), and the contribution of wetlands is currently unknown (Schlesinger and Bernhardt, 2013). However, given that recent work by Liengaard et al. (2012) estimated that nitrous oxide emissions from the Pantanal wetland system in South America alone represent ~2% of global emissions, it is reasonable to expect wetlands to be major contributors to atmospheric concentrations of this potent greenhouse gas. Despite the growing recognition that wetlands are important sources of greenhouse gases, little research has examined how flux rates vary in response to basic environmental drivers such as tidal cycling Objectives: The main objective of this study is to assess rates of CO2, CH4, and N2O production at high and low tides in a tidal freshwater wetlands. In addition, we sought to determine if pore water ion concentrations and edaphic characteristics fluctuate over a tidal cycle

Relationship of Knowledge Level of Teenagers About the Use of Tight Jeans with Fluor Albus Whitish Incident in High School Pembangunan Bukittinggi Year 2017

Reproductive health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, which is not solely free of disease or disability, in all matters relating to the reproductive system, as well as its functions and processes. The fact is still found many teenage girls who wear tight jeans and do not know that the use of tight jeans can affect the reproductive health of one occurrence of whiteness (Fluor Albus). The purpose of this study is to determine the relationship of the knowledge level of young women about the use of tight jeans with Fluor Albus whiteness in High School Pembangunan Bukittinggi Year 2017. This research method using a descriptive correlation method with Cross-Sectional approach design, then data is processed by using the Chi-Square test. The population in this study were 118 respondents. The sample in this research is 55 respondents with Probability Sampling technique on 15 to 16 August 2017 in Bukittinggi Pembangunan High School. Univariate results obtained from 55 respondents there are more than half of 31 (56.4%) of respondents have high knowledge, more than half 29 (52,7%) of respondents did not occur whiteness. The result of statistical test obtained p-value = 0,000 (p <α) which means there is a relationship of knowledge with the incidence of whiteness (fluor albus) in High School Pembangunan Bukittinggi Year 2017. The conclusion of the relationship of knowledge with the incidence of leucorrhoea (fluor albus) in High School Pembangunan Bukittinggi Year 2017. It is expected that teenagers to pay more attention to reproductive health on female students. So as to prevent and detect early existence of reproduction organ problem

Kualitas Visum Et Repertum Perlukaan di Rumah Sakit Umum Daerah Bengkalis Periode 1 Januari 2009-31 Desember 2013

Visum et Repertum (VeR) is a written statement of doctor who made request by the investigator is required for law enforcement and justice. VeR of injury is the type of VeR that most often requested by the investigator to a doctor. This research were done to find out the quality of VeR of injury in Bengkalis General Hospital during 1st January 2009-31st December 2013. A descriptive retrospective research was designed using Herkutanto's scoring method with 13 unit VeR in preliminary unit of Ver, reporting unit of VeR and inference unit of VeR. All VeR data in Bengkalis General Hospital during 1st January 2009-31st December 2013 were counted as samples a two hundred forty four VeR data in Bengkalis General Hospital during 1st January 2009-31st December 2013. That were found injury survivors most cases are in the age group 22-40 years old as many as 106 victims (43,44%), mostly male 177 victims (72,54%). The most frequent violence that were experienced by the victims were blunt violence was 280 VeR (85,25%). The preliminary unit of VeR about 69,34% showed medium quality, the reporting unit about 55,09% showed medium quality and also the inference unit about 42,62% showed poor quality. It can be concluded that quality of VeR reports in Bengkalis General Hospital during 1st January 2009-31st December 2013 was 49% which means poor quality

Perancangan Audio Visual Seni Tari Pendet

Tari Pendet pada awalnya merupakan tari pemujaan yang banyak diperagakan di pura, tempat ibadat umat Hindu di Bali, Indonesia. Seiring perkembangan jaman, tarian ini tergeser dan tidak terlalu dipakai lagi dalam penyambutan. Oleh karena itu diangkat dalam bentuk audio visual jenis dokudrama agar dapat dilihat oleh masyarakat luas karena akan diunggah dalam jejaring sosial. Dengan perancangan audio visual Tari Pendet, diharapkan meningkatkan kecintaan pada tarian bersejarah ini

Assessing how disruption of methanogenic communities and their syntrophic relationships in tidal freshwater marshes via saltwater intrusion may affect CH4 emissions

Tidal freshwater wetlands (TFW), which lie at the interface of saltwater and freshwater ecosystems, are predicted to experience moderate salinity increases due to sea level rise. Increases in salinity generally suppress CH4 production, but it is uncertain to what extent elevated salinity will affect CH4 cycling in TFW. It is also unknown whether CH4 production will resume when freshwater conditions return. The ability to produce CH4 is limited to a monophyletic group of the Euryarchaeota phylum called methanogens (MG), who are limited to a small number of substrates (e.g., acetate, H2, and formate) produced from the breakdown of fermentation products. In freshwater anaerobic soils, the degradation of certain fermentation products (e.g., butyrate, propionate) is only energetically favorable when their catabolic byproduct, H2 or formate, is consumed to low concentrations by MGs. This is considered a form of obligate syntrophy. Sulfate reducing bacteria (SRB) are capable of utilizing a larger variety of substrates than MG, including substrates degraded by methanogenic syntrophy (e.g., butyrate, propionate). The introduction of sulfate (SO4 -2) into TFW via saltwater intrusion events may allow SRB to disrupt syntrophic relationships between hydrogenotrophic MG and syntrophic fermenters. This may select for MG taxa that differ in their rate of CH4 production. The objectives of this study were to determine the effect of oligohaline SO4 -2 concentrations on MG community functions (i.e., CH4 production and syntrophic butyrate degradation); and, to assess whether these functions recover after competition with SRB has been removed