Observations on Stratospheric-Mesospheric-Thermospheric temperatures using Indian MST radar and co-located LIDAR during Leonid Meteor Shower (LMS)

International audienceThe temporal and height statistics of the occurrence of meteor trails during the Leonid meteor shower revealed the capability of the Indian MST radar to record large numbers of meteor trails. The distribution of radio meteor trails due to a Leonid meteor shower in space and time provided a unique opportunity to construct the height profiles of lower thermospheric temperatures and winds, with good time and height resolution. There was a four-fold increase in the meteor trails observed during the LMS compared to a typical non-shower day. The temperatures were found to be in excellent continuity with the temperature profiles below the radio meteor region derived from the co-located Nd-Yag LIDAR and the maximum height of the temperature profile was extended from the LIDAR to ~110 km. There are, how-ever, some significant differences between the observed profiles and the CIRA-86 model profiles. The first results on the meteor statistics and neutral temperature are presented and discussed below. Key words. Atmospheric composition and structure (pres-sure, density, and temperature) History of geophysics (at-mospheric sciences) Meteorology and atmospheric dynamics (middle atmosphere dynamics

Temperature Distribution in Composite Laminates

To estimate the behavior of composites under thermal loading, it is required to predict the accurate temperature distribution within the laminate. Most of the literature in this area assumes linear or parabolic variation of temperature. In this work an attempt is made to study the temperature distribution and temperature discontinuity across the debonding for different thermal conductivity ratios, different length of debonding and at different debonding locations. The problem of heat conduction in an anisotropic slab and composite laminates containing an interfacial debonding is considered. The present model considered is validated with the existing results and extended work to various parameters mentioned above

Who Watches the Watchmen? An Appraisal of Benchmarks for Multiple Sequence Alignment

Multiple sequence alignment (MSA) is a fundamental and ubiquitous technique in bioinformatics used to infer related residues among biological sequences. Thus alignment accuracy is crucial to a vast range of analyses, often in ways difficult to assess in those analyses. To compare the performance of different aligners and help detect systematic errors in alignments, a number of benchmarking strategies have been pursued. Here we present an overview of the main strategies--based on simulation, consistency, protein structure, and phylogeny--and discuss their different advantages and associated risks. We outline a set of desirable characteristics for effective benchmarking, and evaluate each strategy in light of them. We conclude that there is currently no universally applicable means of benchmarking MSA, and that developers and users of alignment tools should base their choice of benchmark depending on the context of application--with a keen awareness of the assumptions underlying each benchmarking strategy.Comment: Revie

GWFASTA: server for FASTA search in eukaryotic and microbial genomes

Similarity searches are a powerful method for solving important biological problems such as database scanning, evolutionary studies, gene prediction, and protein structure prediction. FASTA is a widely used sequence comparison tool for rapid database scanning. Here we describe the GWFASTA server that was developed to assist the FASTA user in similarity searches against partially and/or completely sequenced genomes. GWFASTA consists of more than 60 microbial genomes, eight eukaryote genomes, and proteomes of annotatedgenomes. Infact, it provides the maximum number of databases for similarity searching from a single platform. GWFASTA allows the submission of more than one sequence as a single query for a FASTA search. It also provides integrated post-processing of FASTA output, including compositional analysis of proteins, multiple sequences alignment, and phylogenetic analysis. Furthermore, it summarizes the search results organism-wise for prokaryotes and chromosome-wise for eukaryotes. Thus, the integration of different tools for sequence analyses makes GWFASTA a powerful toolfor biologists

A Case Study Regarding the WIFI Bluetooth-based Implementation in Smart Narrow Field Communication

A Smart Narrow Field Communication (SNFC) deals with the wireless tag system which is developed through devices. Generally, on the internet it is hard to read long contents of the URL Present. On the internet these URL can be converted into QR code and NFC (Near Field Communication). First of all a device which is useful for wireless applications is given a name and considered as a tag. This device is used for recognizing a target content. Both of these are taken into a relation the URL are maintained on our cloud system along with the device name. Not only the device name the system also considers other user contents like gender and age in order to identify the target content. In Smart Narrow Field Communication all common device can be used as a tag. Ex: WIFI router, Bluetooth mouse etc. keywords: WIFI tag, Bluetooth tag mouse, Smart Narrow Field Communication, NFC, QR code

STUDIES ON THE REMOVAL OF INTERFIBRILLARY MATERIALS PART-II:

Eco-concerns are forcing the leather industry to shift itself from chemical based processing to bio-processing. The use of enzymes for unhairing and bating has been long established and well reported; but the use of ¦Á-amylase for fiber opening is a recent development, which advocates the complete elimination of lime. Though the bio-based fiber opening process is established to be an eco-friendly alternative, it is essential to establish its effectiveness versus the conventional liming process by more objective methods. Hence in this work an attempt has been made for quantitative analysis of inter-fibrillary materials viz., proteins, proteoglycans and glycasoaminoglycans(GAGs) released from the skin matrix by the use of complete enzyme based beamhouse process, especially the effect of ¦Á-amylase in beamhouse processes. It is observed that treatment of 2% ¦Á-amylase for a time period of 180 min is sufficient for the removal of optimum amount of inter-fibrillary materials especially, proteoglycans. Matched pair comparison of experimental bio-based processing has been made with conventional lime based processing and it is observed that the removal of proteoglycans were comparable in both these processes. Also, the crust leathers processed from the matched pair beamhouse processes were compared for their organoleptic and strength characteristics. Both experimental bio-processed leather and conventionally processed control leather were observed to be comparable. This work further authenticates that a completely bio-based beamhouse process is not only eco-friendly but also results in a similar effect on the removal of inter-fibrillary material compared to conventional lime based process. Las preocupaciones ecol¨®gicas est¨¢n obligando a la industria del cuero a un cambio de ser un proceso qu¨ªmico a ser un bio-proceso. El uso de enzimas para el pelambre y rendido ha sido establecido hace tiempo con buenos resultados reportados, pero el uso de ¦Á-amilasa para la apertura de las fibras es un desarrollo reciente, que aboga por la eliminaci¨®n completa de cal. Aunque la base biol¨®gica para el proceso de apertura de las fibras se cre¨® para ser una alternativa eco-amigable, es esencial para establecer su eficacia en comparaci¨®n con el proceso de encalado convencional empleando m¨¦todos m¨¢s objetivos. Por lo tanto, en este trabajo se ha utilizado el an¨¢lisis cuantitativo de materia interfibrilar como son prote¨ªnas, proteoglicanos y glicosaminoglicanos (GAG), obtenidos de la matriz de la piel, por el uso del proceso completo de pelambre basado en enzimas, en especial por el efecto de la ¦Á-amilasa en los procesos de ribera. Se ha observado que el tratamiento con 2% de ¦Á-amilasa durante un per¨ªodo de tiempo de 180 minutos es suficiente para la eliminaci¨®n de una cantidad ¨®ptima de materiales interfibrilares, en particular, proteoglicanos. En una comparaci¨®n del bio-proceso experimental y el tratamiento convencional basado en cal, se observa que la eliminaci¨®n de los proteoglicanos fueron comparables en ambos procesos. Adem¨¢s, el cuero semiterminado elaborado a partir de ambos procesos de ribera equivalentes se compar¨® por sus caracter¨ªsticas organol¨¦pticas y f¨ªsicas. Tanto el proceso bio-experimental como el proceso convencional de control, se observaron como comparables. Este trabajo confirma adem¨¢s que una ribera basada en un bio-proceso no es solamente eco-amigable sino que resulta en un efecto de remoci¨®n de los materiales interfibrilares similar al proceso convencional a base de cal

Studies on Combination Tanning based on Henna and Oxazolidine

Among the innumerable alternative tannages that are currently exploited, the vegetable tannins and oxazolidine combination is one of the most promising options. In this study, an organic combination tanning process based on henna and oxazolidine for the production of upper leather is presented. Extract from the leaves of Lawsonia inermis (henna) obtained from Sudan has been utilized for tanning in combination with oxazolidine. It has been observed that this combination tanning, which employs 20% henna extract and 4% oxazolidine results in leathers with shrinkage temperature of 98oC. The differential scanning calorimetry data is in accordance with the observed shrinkage temperature. The change in the order of addition of henna and oxazolidine though showed marginal difference in thermal stability, but significant variations were observed in physical characteristics of leathers. Scanning electron microscopic analysis showed that leathers tanned first with oxazolidine resulted in better fibre splitting. Leather made from oxazolidine followed by henna resulted in relatively softer leathers compared to henna followed by oxazolidine tanning. Leather made from both the tanning combination systems meets the required strength characteristics for upper leathers. The manufacture of upper leathers using combination of henna and oxazolidine appears to be promising. RESUMENEntre las innumerables alternativas de curtición que son actualmente empleadas, la combinación de taninos vegetales y oxazolidina es una de las opciones más prometedoras. En este estudio, una combinación de procesos de curtido orgánico sobre la base de combinar henna y oxazolidina para la producción de cuero para capellada es presentada. Extracto de las hojas de Lawsonia inermis (henna) obtenidos del Sudán se ha utilizado para el curtido en combinación con oxazolidina. Se ha observado que esta combinación de curtido, que emplea 20% de extracto de henna y el 4% oxazolidina, resultan en cueros con temperatura de encogimiento de 98oC. Los datos de escaneo por calorimetría diferencial están en concordancia con las temperaturas de contracción observadas. El cambio en el orden de adición de la henna y la oxazolidina, aunque mostró una diferencia marginal en la estabilidad térmica, se observaron variaciones significativas en las características físicas de los cueros. Análisis microscópico por barrido electrónico mostró que los cueros curtidos en primer lugar con oxazolidina dieron lugar a una mejor separación de las fibras. Cueros curtidos con oxazolidina seguida de la henna, pues resultó en cueros más suaves comparados con cueros curtidos con henna seguido de oxazolidina. Los cueros curtidos con los dos sistemas combinados responden a las características requeridas para los cueros para capellada. La fabricación de cueros de capellada empleando la combinación de la henna y oxazolidina parece ser prometedor