Subjective experience of episodic memory and metacognition: a neurodevelopmental approach.

Episodic retrieval is characterized by the subjective experience of remembering. This experience enables the co-ordination of memory retrieval processes and can be acted on metacognitively. In successful retrieval, the feeling of remembering may be accompanied by recall of important contextual information. On the other hand, when people fail (or struggle) to retrieve information, other feelings, thoughts, and information may come to mind. In this review, we examine the subjective and metacognitive basis of episodic memory function from a neurodevelopmental perspective, looking at recollection paradigms (such as source memory, and the report of recollective experience) and metacognitive paradigms such as the feeling of knowing). We start by considering healthy development, and provide a brief review of the development of episodic memory, with a particular focus on the ability of children to report first-person experiences of remembering. We then consider neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) such as amnesia acquired in infancy, autism, Williams syndrome, Down syndrome, or 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. This review shows that different episodic processes develop at different rates, and that across a broad set of different NDDs there are various types of episodic memory impairment, each with possibly a different character. This literature is in agreement with the idea that episodic memory is a multifaceted process

Les abeilles du genre Homalictus Cockerell, 1919 en Nouvelle-Calédonie (Hymenoptera : Apoidea : Halictidae)

Dix espèces de Homalictus Cockerell, 1919 sont inventoriées de Nouvelle-Calédonie, dont sept sont nouvelles : Homalictus curvistriae Donovan & Pauly, H. heliotropiae Pauly & Donovan, H. hienghenensis Donovan & Pauly, H. koghiensis Donovan & Pauly, H. mcphersoni Donovan & Pauly, H. melanasiae Donovan & Pauly, H. projectio Donovan & Pauly. Le mâle de Homalictus cocos Pauly & Munzinger 2003 est décrit pour la première fois

Les Austronomia Michener, 1965 de Nouvelle-Calédonie et de l'archipel du Vanuatu (Hymenoptera : Apoidea : Halictidae : Nomiinae)

Six espèces d'Austronomia Michener, 1965 sont inventoriées de Nouvelle-Calédonie et de l'archipel du Vanuatu. Trois d'entre elles sont nouvelles : A. doensis sp. nov. et A. neocaledonica sp. nov. de la Grande-Terre en Nouvelle-Calédonie, A. loyali sp. nov. des îles Loyauté (NC) et de l'archipel du Vanuatu

Increased rates of molecular evolution in an equatorial plant clade: An effect of environment or phylogenetic nonindependence?

A recent study of environmental effects on rates of molecular evolution in the plant subgenus Mearnsia shows that species occurring in more equatorial latitudes have higher rates of substitution in rDNA sequences as compared to their more southerly congeners (Wright et al. 2003). However, we believe that the statistical approach employed by Wright et al. (2003) insufficiently accounts for the phylogenetic nonindependence of the species examined, given that all six equatorial species of Mearnsia form a clade. To distinguish between the effect of latitude and that of phylogenetic nonindependence, we have employed a variety of comparative approaches that use independent contrasts to test for an effect of environment across this entire subgenus. We find very little evidence for an effect of latitude on rate of molecular evolution using these approaches and believe that the shared evolutionary history of the clade is a plausible explanation of the apparent rate difference between equatorial and subequatorial Mearnsia species

Nanotrench for nano and microparticle electrical interconnects

We present a simple and versatile patterning procedure for the reliable and reproducible fabrication of high aspect ratio (10 4 ) electrical interconnects that have separation distances down to 20 nm and lengths of several hundreds of microns. The process uses standard optical lithography techniques and allows parallel processing of many junctions, making it easily scalable and industrially relevant. We demonstrate the suitability of these nanotrenches as electrical interconnects for addressing micro and nanoparticles by realizing several circuits with integrated species. Furthermore, low impedance metal-metal low contacts are shown to be obtained when trapping a single metal-coated microsphere in the gap, emphasizing the intrinsic good electrical conductivity of the interconnects, even though a wet process is used. Highly resistive magnetite-based nanoparticles networks also demonstrate the advantage of the high aspect ratio of the nanotrenches for providing access to electrical properties of highly resistive materials, with leakage current levels below 1 pA. © 2010 IOP Publishing Ltd

Bounds on the k-neighborhood for locally uniform sampled surfaces

Given a locally uniform sample set P of a smooth surface S. We derive upper and lower bounds on the number k of nearest neighbors of a sample point p that have to be chosen from P such that this neighborhood contains all restricted Delaunay neighbors of p. In contrast to the trivial lower bound, the upper bound indicates that a sampling condition that is used in many computational geometry proofs is quite reasonable from a practical point of view

Bounds on the k-neighborhood for locally uniform sampled surfaces

Given a locally uniform sample set P of a smooth surface S. We derive upper and lower bounds on the number k of nearest neighbors of a sample point p that have to be chosen from P such that this neighborhood contains all restricted Delaunay neighbors of p. In contrast to the trivial lower bound, the upper bound indicates that a sampling condition that is used in many computational geometry proofs is quite reasonable from a practical point of view