4,068 research outputs found
Extractive industries as sites of supernormal profits and supernormal patriarchy?
This article considers how patriarchal power relations between men and women are produced and reproduced within extractive industries, and examines the idea that the âsupernormal profitsâ to be made there encourage the development of âsupernormal patriarchyâ. By looking at the sites where extraction takes place and relationships between men and women within these sites, we show the extreme and exaggerated gender roles and relations that are found here. We nuance this account by highlighting the need to recognise that patriarchal power is not felt equally by all women and men. Exploring the different roles women adopt in the extractives context we demonstrate the fluidity of womenâs identities as workers, âwhoresâ, and wives with a focus on transactional sex. The article demonstrates the importance of not seeing women merely as victims of patriarchal relations, or making assumptions about how these relations operate, or the form they take. Better understanding of the range of gender roles adopted in the extractives and the supernormal patriarchal relations that produce and reproduce these is needed by policymakers. This will enable them to promote gender equality and natural resource justice, as part of an agenda to redistribute wealth gains from natural resource extraction
British economic growth : 1270 - 1870
We provide annual estimates of GDP for England between 1270 and 1700 and
for Great Britain between 1700 and 1870, constructed from the output side. The GDP
data are combined with population estimates to calculate GDP per capita. We find
English per capita income growth of 0.20 per cent per annum between 1270 and 1700,
although growth was episodic, with the strongest growth during the Black Death crisis of
the fourteenth century and in the second half of the seventeenth century. For the period
1700-1870, we find British per capita income growth of 0.48 per cent, broadly in line
with the widely accepted Crafts/Harley estimates. This modest trend growth in per capita
income since 1270 suggests that, working back from the present, living standards in the
late medieval period were well above âbare bones subsistenceâ. This can be reconciled
with modest levels of kilocalorie consumption per head because of the very large share of
pastoral production in agriculture
English economic growth, 1270-1700
We provide annual estimates of GDP for England over the period 1270-1700,
constructed from the output side. The GDP data are combined with population estimates
to calculate GDP per capita. Sectoral price data and estimates of nominal GDP are also
provided. We find per capita income growth of 0.20 per cent per annum, although growth
was episodic, with the strongest growth after the Black Death and in the second half of
the seventeenth century. Living standards in the late medieval period were well above
âbare bones subsistenceâ, although levels of kilocalorie consumption per head were
modest because of the very large share of pastoral production in agriculture
English Agricultural Output and Labour Productivity, 1250- 1850: some preliminary estimates
This paper provides annual estimates of English agricultural output and labour productivity during the period 1250-1850, based on manorial records from the medieval period, probate inventories from the early modern period and farm accounts from the modern period. Agricultural labour productivity increased sharply in the immediate aftermath of the Black Death and remained at this higher level for the rest of the medieval period. There was a further increase between the mid-fifteenth and mid-sixteenth centuries, with labour productivity remaining at this higher level until the early eighteenth century. These pre-modern increases in labour productivity were achieved without a substantial increase in output per unit of land. The early eighteenth century saw the start of a continuous upward trend in both agricultural labour productivity and land productivity.Leverhulme Trus
British Economic Growth, 1270-1870: an Output-Based approach
This paper reconstructs GDP from the output side for medieval and early modern Britain. In contrast to the long run stagnation of living standards suggested by daily real wage rates, output-based GDP per capita exhibits modest but positive trend growth. One way of reconciling the two series is through variation in the annual number of days worked, but there are also reasons to doubt the representativeness of the sharp rise and fall of daily real wage rates in the late middle ages, which creates the impression of no trend improvement of living standards.Leverhulme TrustEuropean Commission (EC
Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles by a Bryophilous Rhizoctonia species
We demonstrate the synthesis of silver nanoparticles by a potentially benign species of bryophilous Rhizoctonia in two different media. The first medium supports fungal growth and the upâregulation of nitrate reductase, while the second medium supports fungal growth and the repression of nitrate reductase. For both media, the resulting silver nanoparticles were ca. 25â50nm and were subglobose to broadly ellipsoidal in shape. The optical analysis of the silver nanoparticles from both media demonstrated plasmon resonance at 415nm, confirming their metallic properties. The liquid colour change typically observed for extracellular silver nanoparticle formation was absent in both media. The silver nanoparticles in the two different media displayed different chemical associations; fewer associated chemicals were found with the media, which supported the upâregulation of nitrate reductase. Another difference included plateâlike silver nanoparticle conglomerations, which were only encountered on hyphae from the medium that repressed nitrate reductase. There was also a noticeable difference in the capping agent formations between each media. The Rhizoctonia isolate examined in this study is suitable for largeâscale industrial applications because it does not produce spores and would have minimal impact on air quality
The Evolution of X-ray Bursts in the "Bursting Pulsar" GRO J1744-28
GRO J1744-28, commonly known as the `Bursting Pulsar', is a low mass X-ray
binary containing a neutron star and an evolved giant star. This system,
together with the Rapid Burster (MXB 1730-33), are the only two systems that
display the so-called Type II X-ray bursts. These type of bursts, which last
for 10s of seconds, are thought to be caused by viscous instabilities in the
disk; however the Type II bursts seen in GRO J1744-28 are qualitatively very
different from those seen in the archetypal Type II bursting source the Rapid
Burster. To understand these differences and to create a framework for future
study, we perform a study of all X-ray observations of all 3 known outbursts of
the Bursting Pulsar which contained Type II bursts, including a population
study of all Type II X-ray bursts seen by RXTE. We find that the bursts from
this source are best described in four distinct phenomena or `classes' and that
the characteristics of the bursts evolve in a predictable way. We compare our
results with what is known for the Rapid Burster and put out results in the
context of models that try to explain this phenomena.Comment: Accepted to MNRAS Aug 17 201
Relationships between the multiplication of chronic bee-paralysis virus and its associate particle
The amounts of chronic bee-paralysis virus associate (CPVA) produced in bees injected with purified chronic bee-paralysis virus (CPV) were negatively associated with the amounts, lengths of particles and maximum sedimentation coefficients of CPV. The ratio of the amounts of CPV/CPVA varied widely between individuals, but more CPVA was produced and CPV/CPVA ratios were smaller when CPVA was injected with the CPV preparations than when the latter were injected alone. The multiplication of the RNAs of CPV and of CPVA were also negatively correlated. The nature of the relationship between CPV and CPVA and the packaging arrangement of CPV RNA are discussed
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