Magyar Tanítóképző 55 (1942) 11

Magyar Tanítóképző A Tanítóképző-intézeti Tanárok Országos Egyesületének folyóirata 55. évfolyam, 11. szám Budapest, 1942. novembe

Systematic detection of co-infection and intra-host recombination in more than 2 million global SARS-CoV-2 samples

Systematic monitoring of SARS-CoV-2 co-infections between different lineages and assessing the risk of intra-host recombinant emergence are crucial for forecasting viral evolution. Here we present a comprehensive analysis of more than 2 million SARS-CoV-2 raw read datasets submitted to the European COVID-19 Data Portal to identify co-infections and intra-host recombination. Co-infection was observed in 0.35% of the investigated cases. Two independent procedures were implemented to detect intra-host recombination. We show that sensitivity is predominantly determined by the density of lineage-defining mutations along the genome, thus we used an expanded list of mutually exclusive defining mutations of specific variant combinations to increase statistical power. We call attention to multiple challenges rendering recombinant detection difficult and provide guidelines for the reduction of false positives arising from chimeric sequences produced during PCR amplification. Additionally, we identify three recombination hotspots of Delta – Omicron BA.1 intra-host recombinants.</p

Native-English-Speaking Teachers:Disconnections Between Theory, Research, and Practice

Native-English-speaking teachers (NESTs) have long been in demand for perceived benefits of the skills they bring to the classroom. However, the notion that native speakers provide the best models of the target language and thus make the best teachers of the language has been criticised in the literature. This article reports on the disconnection between academic literature on NESTs and the realities they report. Drawing on data from an investigation into NEST schemes globally, the article suggests that lived classroom experiences of NESTs are complex, They are also often bilingual, experienced, and qualified, and regard local English teachers (LETs) they work with as experts and in control of how English is practised in the classroom. These characteristics contrast with much of the academic literature, which explores the concept of native speakerism, which tends to view NESTs negatively. The article proposes that one reason for the disconnection between theory and practice is the parallel lives of researchers and teachers, whether NESTs or LETs. Thus, each group’s realities and concerns are not always understood by the other. The article suggests that a substantial group of bilingual and bicultural NESTs consider the country where work home, so future theorisations of NESTs and native speakerism should take account of these teachers

Doświadczenia w zatłaczaniu wód geotermalnych do zbiorników porowych

Due to certain favourable geological features of Hungary, the utilization of geothermal energy is realized through the availability of a great quantity of geothermal water. Consequently, the disposition of the used geothermal water is a serious challenge, and injection is probably one of the most controversial issues of geothermal energy utilization in Hungary. To date, there is no definitive regulation for this issue. In order for some common system of criteria to be definable for the optimum operation of geothermal projects in the region, and especially for injection into sandstone, this study has compiled the operational experiences of a number of already functioning systems to summarize the best practices of sustainable operation.Dzięki korzystnym warunkom geologicznym stosowanie energii cieplnej na Węgrzech związane jest z dostępnością dużej ilości wód termalnych. W konsekwencji jednak ich zrzut stanowi poważne wyzwanie, a zatłaczanie należy zapewne do najbardziej kontrowersyjnych zagadnień związanych z wykorzystaniem energii geotermalnej w tym kraju. Do chwili obecnej problem ten nie został uregulowany prawnie. Powinien zostać opracowany system kryteriów umożliwiających optymalne funkcjonowanie projektów, zwłaszcza jeśli wiążą się one z zatłaczaniem zużytych wód do piaskowców. W niniejszym artykule zebrano doświadczenia działających systemów, w których prowadzone jest zatłaczanie, w celu podsumowania najlepszych praktyk zrównoważonej eksploatacji wód termalnych