4,985 research outputs found

    Experimentation and Disappointment

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    Do presumptions of negligence incentivize optimal precautions?

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    In most jurisdictions, the burden of producing evidence on a contested issue traditionally falls on plaintiffs. In a tort claim, this de facto creates a presumption of non-negligence in favor of injurers. Some legal systems in Europe placed renewed attention on “presumed liability” rules, which instead create a presumption of negligence against injurers. In this paper, we analyze the effects of alternative legal presumptions on parties’ care incentives in the presence of discovery errors. Differently from what was suggested in prior research, we show that legal presumptions do affect primary behavior: presuming that the injurer was (not) negligent strengthens (weakens) his care incentives in situations where the plaintiff faces probatory difficulties. We analyze how these effects should inform the choice of evidence regimes to improve the robustness of liability rules, and to minimize the dilutive effect of imperfect discovery on individuals’ care incentives

    Diferencias interpoblacionales en el ciclo reproductivo femenino del cangrejo estuárico Chasmagnathus granulatus Dana, 1851 (Brachyura: Grapsoidea: Varunidae) del Atlántico sudoccidental

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    The female reproductive biology of Chasmagnathus granulatus Dana, a semiterrestrial burrowing crab endemic to the southwestern Atlantic, was compared in two contrasting coastal habitats: San Antonio (SA, marine) and Mar Chiquita (MC, estuarial). Mature females were collected monthly for 1.5 years and the ovarian cycle was described using a qualitative scale. Gonadosomatic (GSI) and hepatosomatic (HSI) indexes were calculated. The highest GSI and HSI occurred early in the reproductive season in SA and during the non-reproductive season in MC. The beginning and duration of the reproductive season also differed between populations: it started later and was shorter in SA. In MC, secondary vitellogenesis continued when the reproductive season had finished, and the ovaries remained fully developed throughout the non-reproductive season (winter). Therefore, females of MC were ready to lay eggs as soon as spring environmental conditions appeared. However, SA females did not attain a fully developed ovary during winter. A limited food supply would restrict the available energy to complete secondary vitellogenesis at the end of the reproductive season in SA, after the last spawning. Thus, the vitellogenic cycle should be completed in the following spring, causing a delay in the beginning of the reproductive period. In addition, the higher temperature amplitude may cause the reproductive period in SA to end early.La biología reproductiva de las hembras de Chasmagnathus granulatus Dana, un cangrejo semiterrestre y excavador endémico del Atlántico Sudoccidental, fue comparada entre dos localidades costeras con regímenes ambientales contrastantes: San Antonio (SA, marino) y Mar Chiquita (MC, estuarial). Hembras maduras fueron recolectadas mensualmente por 1.5 años y el ciclo ovárico fue descrito usando una escala cualitativa. Los índices gonadosomático (GSI) y hepatosomático (HSI) fueron calculados. Los mayores valores de GSI y HSI tuvieron lugar al inicio de la estación reproductiva en SA, y durante la estación no reproductiva en MC. El inicio y duración de la estación reproductiva también difirieron entre las poblaciones: ésta comenzó más tarde y fue más corta en SA. En MC, la vitelogénesis secundaria continuó cuando la estación reproductiva había finalizado, y el ovario permaneció desarrollado durante la estación no reproductiva (invierno). En consecuencia, las hembras de MC estaban listas para poner sus huevos tan pronto como aparecieron las condiciones ambientales de primavera. Por el contrario, las hembras de SA no alcanzaron un completo desarrollo del ovario durante el invierno. Un suministro limitado de alimento restringiría la energía disponible para completar la vitelogénesis secundaria al final de la estación reproductiva en SA, después de la última puesta. De ese modo, el ciclo vitelogénico debió completarse en la primavera siguiente, provocando un retraso en el comienzo de la estación reproductiva. Adicionalmente, la mayor amplitud térmica provocaría que la estación reproductiva finalice más temprano en SA
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