Knowledge attitude and practices of pharmacogenomics and its educational needs among doctors at a tertiary care hospital VIMS, Ballari: a questionnaire based study

Background: Genetic differences account for an outsized amount of patient variation in drug response and disposition. Pharmacogenomics is that the study of genetic factors that underlie variation in drug response. The objective of the study was to assess the knowledge, attitude, and practices of pharmacogenomics and its educational needs among doctors of a tertiary care teaching hospital in Vijayanagar Institute of Medical Sciences, Ballari.Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 110 doctors forming a structured questionnaire.Results: Nearly 82.8% of the survey participants were of the age group 25 to 34 years. When choosing appropriate drug therapy for patients, medical record and age were the factors most commonly cited by respondents as extremely or vital (98%). When asked to rank their familiarity with pharmacogenomics, 40% reported somewhat familiar with the subject. 98% of respondents found pharmacogenomic information in drug labelling extremely/very/somewhat helpful. 48.4% of participants knew that drug metabolizing enzymes were the foremost commonly recognized mechanism for pharmacogenomic differences in drug response. The foremost common reasons for not ordering weren't knowing what test to order (48%). The most common pharmacogenomic resource consulted by survey participants were internet (80%), scientific literature (50%), and medical association literature (30%). The most common preferred formats for a perfect pharmacogenomic resource were indicated as web-based (60%), mobile application (60%), and print materials (34%).Conclusions: There's a requirement for improved resource material preferably in electronic format to extend the appliance of genomics to clinical care

Quality of Life of Head and Neck Cancer Patients Receiving Cancer Specific Treatments

Background: Head and neck cancer (HNC) remains a considerable challenge to both patient and health care provider as the disease can have profound effect on Quality of life (QOL). Aims and Objectives: To assess the QOL and performance status of HNC patients, to find relation between domains of QOL and to find association between QOL and demographic and disease variables. Settings and Design: The study was conducted at Manipal group of hospitals, Manipal and Mangalore, using descriptive survey design. Material and Methods: The study comprised of 89 samples with all stages of HNC. Patients primarily diagnosed with HNC and undergoing disease specific treatment were included in the study. Tool on demographic, disease variables and quality of life were developed and content validity was established. Reliability of the tool was established. Karnofsky Performance Status (KPS) scale was used to assess performance status. Corelational analysis was done to find relation between the domains of QOL. Association was found between the quality of life and demographic and disease variables. Results: Majority (83%) of the participants were males, 39% had cancer arising from oral cavity, and 35% each were in cancer stage III and IV. Quality of life was poor among 30% of the subjects and 65% had KPS scores<80 %. There was moderate positive relation between the domains of QOL and a positive correlation between the QOL and performance status. No statistically significant association was found between QOL and disease and demographic variables. Conclusion: Physical, psychological, social and spiritual domains of QOL and functional status are affected in patients with HNC. The impact on one domain area of well being, significantly affects the other domain of QOL and there is relationship between the performance status and QO

Carrier-Based PWM Technique for Inverter-Fed Multiphase Induction Motor

Multiphase (more than three phases) is very much popular due to their eminent features compared to conventional three-phase counter parts. In order to drive the multiphase machine, it requires same phase input w.r.t the no of phases at the output. This paper mainly focuses on five phase, because even after failure of one phase, the performance does not degraded much. Voltage source inverters (VSIs) are used to feed the induction motor. voltage source inverters (VSIs) switches are ON and OFF precisely to control the output. In order to implement harmonic waveform characteristic, carrier based PWM (pulse width modulation) is performed. By using with and without third harmonic injection machine torque is highly improved. Using MATLAB software, the simulation results are presented in the form of computer traces and high traded performance of the machine are discussed

DACLATASVIR DIHYDROCHLORIDE MICROSPHERES, PROCESS PARAMETERS FOR ENHANCED PERMEABILITY AND LIVER TARGETING

Objectives: Daclatasavir dihydrochloride (DCLD) is used to treat hepatitis C. DCLD can be used to patients with all stages of compensated liver disease including cirrhosis. The aim of the present study was to develop DCLD microspheres to improve the permeation and maximum accumulation in the liver and in vitro evaluation. Methods: DCLD microspheres were prepared with chitosan polymer using emulsion crosslinking technique. Twelve formulations were prepared, that is, F1-F12. The microspheres were evaluated for morphology, particle size, encapsulation efficiency, % yield, and permeability. FTIR studies were conducted on optimized formulation to check the drug-excipient compatibility. Results: The particle size of microspheres was in the range of 11.50±0.08 μm to 98.50±0.05 μm. Encapsulation efficiency of the formulations was observed in the range 47.8–69.2%. The ex vivo permeation studies revealed that 83.3±0.1% of drug was diffused from microspheres in 60 min, whereas from pure drug 49±0.7% of drug was diffused in 60 min. Conclusion: DCLD microspheres were shown good permeability when compared to pure drug which will improve the absorption

ASSESSMENT OF SELF-EXTRACTED CELLULOSE FROM ORYZA SATIVA FOR DESIGN OF CONTROLLED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM OF DALFAMPRIDINE

Objectives: The main objective of the present work includes extraction of cellulose from Oryza sativa (OS), characterization of cellulose, development of controlled release tablet dalfampridine using cellulose of OS, and in vitro evaluation. Methods: Dry powdered OS husk sample was extracted with a mixture of hexane and methanol (2:1, v/v) using soxhlation method and was characterized by solubility, melting point determination, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) analysis. Compatibility between dalfampridine and the mixture of cellulose with dalfampridine was confirmed by FTIR and DSC analysis. Then, controlled drug delivery system of dalfampridine were prepared as directly compressed tablets using various compositions containing OS cellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), dicalcium phosphate, and magnesium stearate (8 nos. F1 to f8) and were evaluated. Results: Cellulose was extracted from OS extract to possess its ideal characteristics. Dalfampridine and its mixture with cellulose were compatible according to FTIR and DSC analysis. Directly compressed tablets made with 10 mg of dalfampridine and OS cellulose, HPMC, dicalcium phosphate, and magnesium stearate evidenced prolonged and controlled drug delivery of dalfampridine for 12 h. Formulation made with OS cellulose 250 mg, HPMC 20 mg, dicalcium phosphate 40 mg, and magnesium stearate 5 mg was ideal without burst release. Conclusion: Cellulose extracted from OS is used successfully for the production of directly compressed tablets of dalfampridine to elicit optimum characteristics including controlled drug delivery for 12 h

MULTIPARTICULATE DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS USING NATURAL POLYMERS AS RELEASE RETARDANT MATERIALS

Now-a-days, the emphasis of pharmaceutical researchers is turned towards the development of more efficacious drug delivery systems with already existing molecule. However, in recent applications, Multiparticulate drug delivery systems (MDDS) are gaining much favor over single- unit dosage forms because of their potential benefits like predictable gastric emptying, least risk of dose dumping, flexible release pattern and increased bioavailability with minimum inter- and intra- subject variability. The advances in such drug delivery systems have simultaneously urged the discovery of novel excipients which are safe and fulfill specific functions and directly or indirectly influence the rate and extent of release and/or absorption. The plant derived gums and mucilages comply with many requirements of pharmaceutical excipients as they are non-toxic, stable, easily available, associated with less regulatory issues as compared to their synthetic counterpart and inexpensive; also these can be easily modified to meet the specific need. The pharmaceutical scientists have achieved a great success in developing most therapeutic systems with suitable natural polymer. The current article focuses on the merits, limitations, types of MDDS and application of natural polymer as drug release retardant material for MDDS with supportive studies on natural polymer and MDDS currently available in the market

Performance Analysis of 3-Level 5-Phase Multilevel Inverter Topologies

Now a day’s many industrial applications requires high power. Some other appliances may require intermediate power either more or less depending upon their operation. With these consequences, MULTI LEVEL INVERTERS are introduced in 1975.for above intermediate voltage applications. The name MULTI LEVEL began with the three-level converter.By enormous advancement in power semiconductor switches, in electric drives increasing the phase number greater than the conventional three phase especially in locomotives, naval, aerospace, and electrical vehicles industry has many advantages than three phase. In this view, here five phase VSI has developed. This paper aims at comparing the performance of conventional two level inverter Diode clamped and Capacitor clamped topologies of 5-phase multilevel inverter (3-level) using sinusoidal pulse width modulation. SPWM is highly economical, has more efficiency, controllability. These circuits are analyzed by using simulation software package such as MATLAB

A retrospective study on drug utilization in patients with acute exacerbation of bronchial asthma in adults at tertiary teaching hospital in Bidar

Background: Drug utilization plays a role in helping the health care system to understand, interpret and improve the drug use and continuous quality improvement. It plays an essential part of pharmaco Epidemiological studies.Methods: 100 prescriptions from patients with established diagnosis of acute exacerbation of Bronchial asthma were assessed from the Department of Pulmonary Medicine and the data gathered was analysed using MS Excel.Results: Majority of the prescriptions irrespective of severity received inhalation β2 agonist (formoterol) as a bronchodilator. Nebulization route was given for managing the acute exacerbations followed by inhalation route. Hydrocortisone was prescribed to all patients for managing acute Exacerbations. Montelukast was used an adjuvant therapy. Most of them were prescribed combination therapy. Theophylline was prescribed among all the methylxanthines.Conclusions: β2 agonists Combinations and corticosteroids are the most commonly prescribed combination drugs for asthma followed by methylxanthines. The most commonly prescribed asthmatic Medication in combination therapy was inhaled salbutamol with ipratropium followed by intravenous Hydrocortisone and oral Montelukast. The most commonly prescribed methylxanthine was intravenous Theophylline. Nebulization was preferred route to tackle the acute exacerbation of asthmatic symptoms

A STABILITY-INDICATING AND VALIDATED REVERSE-PHASE HIGH-PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHIC METHOD FOR THE SIMULTANEOUS ESTIMATION OF PHENYLEPHRINE AND FEXOFENADINE IN BULK AND TABLET DOSAGE FORMS

ABSTRACTObjective: A simple and accurate stability indicating reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography method was developed and validatedfor the simultaneous estimation of phenylephrine and fexofenadine in pharmaceutical dosage forms.Methods: Chromatography was carried out on an ODS C-18 column (4.6 mm×250 mm, 5 µ particle size) with a isocratic mobile phase composed oforthophosphoric acid buffer, acetonitrile, (75:25% v/v) at a flow rate of 1 mL/minutes. The column temperature was maintained at 30°C and thedetection was carried out using a photodiode array detector at 210 nm.Results: The retention times for phenylephrine and fexofenadine were 2.096 minutes and 4.241 minutes, respectively. The percentage recoveriesof phenylephrine and fexofenadine were 100.63% and 99.84%, respectively. The relative standard deviation for assay of tablets was found to be&lt;2%. The detection and quantification limits were found to be 0.10 and 0.31 µg/mL for phenylephrine and 0.01 and 0.03 µg/mL for fexofenadine,respectively.Conclusion: Thus, the method was fast, accurate, precise, and sensitive; hence, it can be employed for routine quality control of tablets containingboth drugs in quality control laboratories and pharmaceutical industries.Keywords: Phenylephrine, Fexofenadine, Stability indicating method, Validation method, Reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography