Four-Step Domino Reaction Enables Fully Controlled Non-Statistical Synthesis of Hexaarylbenzene with Six Different Aryl Groups*

Hexaarylbenzene (HAB) derivatives are versatile aromatic systems playing a significant role as chromophores, liquid crystalline materials, molecular receptors, molecular-scale devices, organic light-emitting diodes and candidates for organic electronics. Statistical synthesis of simple symmetrical HABs is known via cyclotrimerization or Diels–Alder reactions. By contrast, the synthesis of more complex, asymmetrical systems, and without involvement of statistical steps, remains an unsolved problem. Here we present a generally applicable synthetic strategy to access asymmetrical HAB via an atom-economical and high-yielding metal-free four-step domino reaction using nitrostyrenes and α,α-dicyanoolefins as easily available starting materials. Resulting domino product—functionalized triarylbenzene (TAB)—can be used as a key starting compound to furnish asymmetrically substituted hexaarylbenzenes in high overall yield and without involvement of statistical steps. This straightforward domino process represents a distinct approach to create diverse and still unexplored HAB scaffolds, containing six different aromatic rings around central benzene core. © 2021 The Authors. Angewandte Chemie International Edition published by Wiley-VCH Gmb

Case Report: Full recovery in severe ParvovirusB19 myocarditis with DCM phenotype: the impact of rASD and PAB

BackgroundThe incidence of parvovirus B19 (B19 V)-associated myocarditis progressing to dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is on the rise. We hypothesize that a comprehensive treatment regimen enables cardiac regeneration in young patients with life-threatening B19 V myocarditis.MethodsFour patients with clinical and imaging evidence of DCM were referred due to suspected myocarditis. An endomyocardial biopsy (EMB) confirmed the diagnosis. The diastolic dysfunction associated with heart failure and reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (HFrEF) was established invasively. Before surgical pulmonary artery banding (PAB), a transcatheter procedure was performed to create a restrictive atrial defect (rASD).ResultsThe drug-treated patients (ages 15–26 months) had a mean LV-EF of 22.5% (20%–25%), a left ventricular end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD) of 49 (45–51) mm (Z-score >5), and elevated LVED pressures (>18 mmHg). EMB revealed B19V-associated acute/subacute or chronic active myocarditis with characteristics of DCM. Drug therapy, including immunoglobulins and creating a rASD, resulted in clinical improvement and enhanced right ventricular function. However, LV enlargement and dysfunction persisted. Four weeks after surgical PAB, all patients showed improvement and were discharged home. The pressure gradient across the PAB ranged from 40 to 45 mmHg, and LVEDD decreased to a mean z-score of +3.5. Within three to six months, LVEDD normalized, and LV-EF increased to a mean of 63% (range: 57%–68%). Clinical and cardiac improvements were sustained over a median follow-up of 7.5 years.ConclusionA holistic treatment approach allows functional regeneration in B19 V myocarditis with obvious end-stage DCM. Restrictive ASD creation is required before surgical PAB when HFrEF is associated with a diastolic dysfunction component

Electron Microscopy Of Wood Of Callixylon And Cordaites

Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/141638/1/ajb210693.pd

Bioelastic properties of the aorta in children, adolescents and young adults after cardiac transplantation: a cardiovascular magnetic resonance study

Abstract Background Long-term complications after cardiac transplantation are common and typically include arterial hypertension and coronary allograft vasculopathy. Few studies also suggested that heart transplant recipients have an increased arterial stiffness. Purpose This prospective study aimed to assess the bioelastic properties of the aorta as well as LV function, morphology and structure in children and young adults after cardiac transplantation. Methods CMR studies from 34 patients (median age: 17.1 years, range: 8–24 years) who underwent cardiac transplantation in childhood were analysed. Aortic anatomy and distensibility were assessed at five locations of the thoracic aorta using steady-state free precession cine sequences. Pulse wave velocity (PWV) of the aortic arch and the descending thoracic aorta was measured from 2-dimensional phase contrast images. Size and function of the left atrium and the ventricles were assessed from a stack of short axis slices. Myocardial T1 times were determined using a standard MOLLI sequence. Results Cross-sectional areas of the ascending aorta and the aortic arch tended to be lower in patients compared to controls (ascending aorta 464.5±172.5 mm2 vs. 515.3±186.3 mm2, aortic arch 342.4±113.3 mm2 vs. 376.9±148.5 mm2) whereas cross-sectional areas of the descending aorta tended to be higher (aortic isthmus 283.7±102.1 mm2 vs. 257.9±89.5 mm2, aorta descendens diaphragmal 218.4±75.8 mm2 vs. 214.2±75.0 mm2) and showed a correlation with systolic blood pressure (r=0.33). PWV was higher in the aortic arch (4.8±2.4 m/s vs. 3.6±0.7 m/s). Aortic distensibility was slightly higher at all measuring points in the study population compared to the control group and showed an increase with rising distance from the heart (ascending aorta 10.5±5.8 10–3 mm Hg-1, aortic isthmus 13.1±7.5 10–3 mm Hg-1, descending aorta 16.6±6.8 10–3 mm Hg-1). Biventricular volumes were slightly reduced in the patient group compared to the control group but this was not statistically significant. Only left ventricular mass messured during the systolic phase was higher in the study population compared to the control group (males 55.1 g/m2 vs. 53.0 g/m2, females 46.2 g/m2 vs. 45.2 g/m2). T1 mapping demonstrated increased T1 times in the heart-transplanted group compared to published data in healthy adults. In particular, T1 times of the lateral and inferior myocardial segments were higher. Conclusion Patients who underwent cardiac transplantation in childhood seem to have a reduced bioelasticity of the thoracic aorta. Increased myocardial T1 times suggesting alterations in myocardial structure. Funding Acknowledgement Type of funding sources: None. </jats:sec