Changing Clinical Profile of Dengue Fever Epidemic in North Kerala- A Retrospective Study

Introduction: Dengue fever is one of the most common vector-borne infections worldwide and is now endemic in Kerala. Knowledge about changing clinical presentation of dengue fever is important for timely diagnosis and appropriate management. Aim: To document changing trends in clinical presentation and course of illness among patients admitted with dengue fever in Kerala, India. Materials and Methods: This hospital-based, retrospective, observational study was conducted at Government Medical College and Hospital, Kannur, Kerala, India, from September 2021 to June 2022. The patients with dengue fever, presented in seasonal epidemic of the year 2019 was compared to similar patients presented during the year 2014. Data regarding clinical presentation, duration of hospital stay, complications and haematological parameters of the study population was collected using prevalidated questionnaire. Descriptive data were expressed in frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation. Continuous and discrete variables were compared by Welch’s t-test, whereas categorical variables were compared using Pearson’s Chi-square test. Results: Out of the total 184 patients studied, 91 were from 2014 and 93 from 2019. The major presenting complaints were fever, body aches, headache, nausea and vomiting, arthralgia, and retroorbital pain incidence of which were similar in both the study years. Patients admitted in 2019 have shorter duration of fever (5.78 vs 6.79 days), earlier onset of severe thrombocytopaenia (6.62 vs 7.27 days) and delayed onset of complications (5.56 vs 3.6 days) compared to those admitted in 2014. They also had higher incidence of thrombocytopaenia (70.97% vs 54.94%) and complications (49.46% vs 14.29%) during the course of their illness. Conclusion: The study indicates towards a significant shift in clinical presentation of dengue fever in Kerala which may influence the admission and monitoring protocol of dengue fever patients in the years to come

Attenuated cerebrospinal fluid leukocyte count and sepsis in adults with pneumococcal meningitis: a prospective cohort study

BACKGROUND: A low cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) white-blood cell count (WBC) has been identified as an independent risk factor for adverse outcome in adults with bacterial meningitis. Whereas a low CSF WBC indicates the presence of sepsis with early meningitis in patients with meningococcal infections, the relation between CSF WBC and outcome in patients with pneumococcal meningitis is not understood. METHODS: We examined the relation between CSF WBC, bacteraemia and sepsis in a prospective cohort study that included 352 episodes of pneumococcal meningitis, confirmed by CSF culture, occurring in patients aged >16 years. RESULTS: CSF WBC was recorded in 320 of 352 episodes (91%). Median CSF WBC was 2530 per mm(3 )(interquartile range 531–6983 per mm(3)) and 104 patients (33%) had a CSF WBC <1000/mm(3). Patients with a CSF WBC <1000/mm(3 )were more likely to have an unfavourable outcome (defined as a Glasgow Outcome Scale score of 1–4) than those with a higher WBC (74 of 104 [71%] vs. 87 of 216 [43%]; P < 0.001). CSF WBC was significantly associated with blood WBC (Spearman's test 0.29), CSF protein level (0.20), thrombocyte count (0.21), erythrocyte sedimentation rate (-0.15), and C-reactive protein levels (-0.18). Patients with a CSF WBC <1000/mm(3 )more often had a positive blood culture (72 of 84 [86%] vs. 138 of 196 [70%]; P = 0.01) and more often developed systemic complications (cardiorespiratory failure, sepsis) than those with a higher WBC (53 of 104 [51%] vs. 69 of 216 [32%]; P = 0.001). In a multivariate analysis, advanced age (Odds ratio per 10-year increments 1.22, 95%CI 1.02–1.45), a positive blood culture (Odds ratio 2.46, 95%CI 1.17–5.14), and a low thrombocyte count on admission (Odds ratio per 100,000/mm(3 )increments 0.67, 95% CI 0.47–0.97) were associated with a CSF WBC <1000/mm(3). CONCLUSION: A low CSF WBC in adults with pneumococcal meningitis is related to the presence of signs of sepsis and systemic complications. Invasive pneumococcal infections should possibly be regarded as a continuum from meningitis to sepsis

Observation of γγ → ττ in proton-proton collisions and limits on the anomalous electromagnetic moments of the τ lepton

The production of a pair of τ leptons via photon–photon fusion, γγ → ττ, is observed for the f irst time in proton–proton collisions, with a significance of 5.3 standard deviations. This observation is based on a data set recorded with the CMS detector at the LHC at a center-of-mass energy of 13 TeV and corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 138 fb−1. Events with a pair of τ leptons produced via photon–photon fusion are selected by requiring them to be back-to-back in the azimuthal direction and to have a minimum number of charged hadrons associated with their production vertex. The τ leptons are reconstructed in their leptonic and hadronic decay modes. The measured fiducial cross section of γγ → ττ is σfid obs = 12.4+3.8 −3.1 fb. Constraints are set on the contributions to the anomalous magnetic moment (aτ) and electric dipole moments (dτ) of the τ lepton originating from potential effects of new physics on the γττ vertex: aτ = 0.0009+0.0032 −0.0031 and |dτ| &lt; 2.9×10−17ecm (95% confidence level), consistent with the standard model

Hérnias intra-raquidianas dos discos intervertebrais lombares: resultados da excisão em 128 casos

O tratamento cirúrgico das hérnias de discos intervertebrals lombares tem indicações precisas e os resultados dependem de condições que devem ser convenientemente satisfeitas. Nos casos em que só existe sintomatologia dolorosa subjetiva que não regride com o tratamento conservador, a intervenção cirúrgica deve ser condicionada à comprovação diagnóstica mediante um dado objetivo, qual seja a radiologia contrastada, que não só informa quanto à existência e situação de prolapso discal, como permite o diagnóstico diferencial com outras afecções. Nos casos em que, além da sintomatologia dolorosa subjetiva, existem sintomas objetivos sensitivos e/ou motores, indicando sofrimento das raízes raquidianas, o tratamento cirúrgico tem indicação absoluta, devendo o ato operatório ser precedido de exame radiológico contrastado. Não deve haver qualquer contemporização no ato cirúrgico quando a sintomatologia plurirradicular e de caráter agudo fizer suspeitar da ocorrência de retropulsão maciça de discos intervertebrals. Quanto à tática cirúrgica, deve ser feita laminectomia parcial unilateral quando o prolapso discai ocupar situação póstero-lateral, na altura dos espaços Lv4-Lv5 e LV5-Sv1 quando o prolapso estiver situado em níveis mais altos ou quando estiver em situação mediana ou, mesmo, quando se tratar de herniações bilaterais de um mesmo disco intervertebral, deve ser feita a laminectomia total, para evitar trações exageradas sôbre as raízes raquidianas, trações que podem ocasionar seqüelas sensitivo-motoras irreversíveis. O cirurgião deve considerar que seu alvo principal é suprimir as causas de compressão de raízes raquidianas; para isso, deve excisar o disco intervertebral herniado e, eventualmente, fazer a exérese de bordas escleróticas das vértebras; a excisão do disco lesado deve ser tão completa quanto possível, mediante curetagem, para evitar recidivas. Quando a herniação discai estiver situada no buraco de conjugação, deve ser feita a facetectomia, sendo a intervenção completada com artródese para imobilização. Para a exposição de hérnia discai, a bainha durai da raiz raquidiana deve sempre ser deslocada para a linha mediana, qualquer que seja a situação do prolapso, pois, dêsse modo, são diminuídas as possibilidades de lesões traumáticas da raiz que está sendo manipulada. Fragmentos livres de disco intervertebral no espaço epidural devem ser extirpados; o cirurgião deve ter presente a possibilidade da existência de tais fragmentos em níveis situados imediatamente acima ou abaixo do disco herniado. A rizotomia posterior deve ser praticada quando existir fibrose intensa da bainha durai de raízes raquidianas e, eventualmente, quando a excisão da hérnia discai não fôr julgada satisfatória; a rizotomia posterior deve ser feita, também, tôdas as vêzes em que a reparação de uma lesão acidental da bainha de uma raiz raquidiana não tenha sido satisfatória. A electrocoagulação do ligamento longitudinal posterior, visando à destruição da maior parte do nervo sinuvertebral de Luschka, deve complementar a operação para diminuir a persistência ou a incidência de lombalgias. A hemostasia deve ser perfeita para diminuir a formação de tecido cicatricial, causa de sintomatologia dolorosa no pós-operatório. Com êsse mesmo intuito deve ser interposta lâmina de esponja de gelatina isolando a bainha durai da raiz raquidiana das formações circunvizinhas. Neste trabalho são apresentados os resultados obtidos em 128 casos, escolhidos entre 571 pacientes operados de hérnias intra-raquidianas de discos intervertebrals lombares; êstes 128 casos foram selecionados por terem seguimento de um ano, no mínimo, para permitir boa avaliação dos resultados. Foram considerados como bons tão sòmente os resultados obtidos nos pacientes que, um ano após a intervenção cirúrgica, não apresentavam qualquer sintoma objetivo ou subjetivo decorrente da afecção (100/128 casos, ou sejam 78,1%); como regulares, aquêles em que houve apenas melhoras (14/128 casos, ou sejam 10,9%); como maus aquêles em que os pacientes não foram beneficiados com a intervenção (14/128 casos, ou sejam 10,9%). Dentro de criteriosas indicações, as hérnias intra-raquidianas de discos intravertebrais lombares devem ser tratadas com métodos cirúrgicos; salvo casos excepcionais, tais operações devem ser feitas por neurocirurgiões

Community-acquired bacterial meningitis in adults: antibiotic timing in disease course and outcome

OBJECTIVES: Despite improvements in diagnostic and therapeutic approach to adult patients with bacterial meningitis, the overall mortality rate is still high. The aim of this study was to evaluate antibiotic timing in the course and outcome of bacterial meningitis. ----- METHODS: Two hundred and eighty six patients with community-acquired bacterial meningitis aged 14 years and more were included in this retrospective cohort study. Observational period was between 1 January 1990 and 31 December 2004. To assess the association of antibiotic timing and disease outcome we analyzed three timing periods (according to the onset of disease, onset of consciousness disturbance and the time of admission to hospital). Analysis was also performed in a subgroup of culture positive meningitis in 176 patients with altered mental status. ----- RESULTS: Unfavorable outcome was found in 125 (43,7%) patients. In this group, the start of appropriate antibiotic treatment in relation to the onset of first symptoms and particularly to the onset of consciousness disturbance was significantly delayed (p = 0.018 and p < 0.001, respectively) compared to the favorable group. Logistic regression analysis in a subgroup of culture positive meningitis in patients with altered mental status revealed that early adequate antibiotic treatment related to the onset of overt signs of meningitis was independently associated with favorable outcome (OR = 11.19; 95% CI 4.37-32.57; p < 0.001). Advanced age, lower GCS and seizures (OR = 1.05, OR = 1.45 and OR = 3.65, respectively) were other risk factors of poor outcome. The presence of chronic diseases, pneumococcal etiology and clinical and laboratory variables which are indicators of disease severity (renal and/or liver dysfunction, hypotension and low cerebrospinal fluid glucose) were not confirmed as independent risk factors of poor outcome. ----- CONCLUSIONS: Our study emphasizes the importance of early and adequate antibiotic treatment in the management of bacterial meningitis which significantly enhances the chances for favorable outcome