Discharge estimation in a backwater affected meandering river

Variable effects of backwaters complicate the development of rating curves at hydrometric measurement stations. In areas influenced by backwater, single-parameter rating curve techniques are often inapplicable. To overcome this, several authors have advocated the use of an additional downstream level gauge to estimate the longitudinal surface level gradient, but this is cumbersome in a lowland meandering river with considerable transverse surface level gradients. Recent developments allow river flow to be continuously monitored through velocity measurements with an acoustic Doppler current profiler (H-ADCP), deployed horizontally at a river bank. This approach was adopted to obtain continuous discharge estimates at a cross-section in the River Mahakam at a station located about 300 km upstream of the river mouth in the Mahakam delta. The discharge station represents an area influenced by variable backwater effects from lakes, tributaries and floodplain ponds, and by tides. We applied both the standard index velocity method and a recently developed methodology to obtain a continuous time-series of discharge from the H-ADCP data. Measurements with a boat-mounted ADCP were used for calibration and validation of the model to translate H-ADCP velocity to discharge. As a comparison with conventional discharge estimation techniques, a stage-discharge relation using Jones formula was developed. The discharge rate at the station exceeded 3300 m3 s-1. Discharge series from a traditional stage-discharge relation did not capture the overall discharge dynamics, as inferred from H-ADCP data. For a specific river stage, the discharge range could be as high as 2000 m3 s-1, which is far beyond what could be explained from kinematic wave dynamics. Backwater effects from lakes were shown to be significant, whereas the river-tide interaction may impact discharge variation in the fortnightly frequency band. Fortnightly tides cannot easily be isolated from river discharge variation, which features similar periodicitie

Bukti Empiris Kebijakan Asuransi Kesehatan Sosial: Analisis Data Survei Aspek Kehidupan Rumah Tangga Indonesia (Sakerti)

Objective: Research that produced empirical evidences forhealth policy formulation presumably limited. This articleelaborates this perception by synthesizing four studies on thedemand for outpatient care (OP), e.g., (i) health insurance andthe number of OP visits, social health insurance and (ii) theuse of OP, (iii) providers choices, and (iv) equity in access.Methods: This study uses data from the second round of theIndonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS). Two considerations havebeen taken into account in selecting estimation methods: thedesign of observational study and type of the data used tomeasure the demand. To predict the number of OP visits, theauthor explored six count data estimators, whilst to investigatethe impact of social insurance on the use of OP, providerchoices, and equity, the author applied a multinomial logisticregression.Results: Whilst the distribution of health insurance isconcentrated on the rich, the highest effect of insurance onaccess found among the lowest income group. Given provideralternatives, the insured tend to choose public rather thanprivate providers. Those who are sicker, not married, wealthierand highly educated also prefer to use private than publicproviders. The impact of social insurance on equity in accessto health care was not observed.Conclusions: Efforts to increase access to health careservices through a national health insurance (NHI) will be moreeffective if the program accommodates consumer preferences.Changes in the demand from public to private providers mustbe taken into account, especially when setting premium subsidyand benefits baskets of the NHI. In general, the NHI policy hasalready empirical evidences. However, NHI implementationrequires a set of technical regulations as a translation of theNational Social Security Act, which also must be supportedfrom the results of empirical studies

Keabsahan Alat Bukti Elektronik dalam Undang-undang No. 11 Tahon 2008

Transactions in cyber crime and activities of illegal business, such as; fraud, piracy, interception, cyber porn, cyber sex, face books, traffickings, gambling etc, hve been phenomenon and threatening the people in overseas. Facing these cyber crimes, the Government has implemented Constitution Number 11 the year 2008, concerning Information and Electrical Transaction. Based on the judicial considerations of this constitution, some of electrical media are legal evidences by off which values are correspondent to traditional evidences. This statement can be found in : Article 1 point (2 ), Article 31 point ( 1 ) /TE Constitution; JunctoArticle 12 verse ( 1 and 2 ), Article 15 verse ( 1) Constitution Number 8 the year 1997, concerning on Document of Company; Juncto Article 184 Criminal Justice System ; Article 1320 Civil Code or Burgerfijk Wetboek ( B. W) ; Juncto Article 164 Rechtsreglement Voor De Buitengewesten ( R.Bg) ; JunctoArticle 45 Herziene lndonesische Reglement ( H.I.R ). Hence, any documents and information using electrical media, can be classified as the legal evidences in trial court

Modelling The Demand For Health Care Given Insurance: Notes For Researchers

Understanding on health care demand given insurance givesprecious information to anticipate health care costs in the future,which in turn provides valuable information for policy makers,among other, to estimate claim rate, set up premium, designcost-sharing policy, etc. Unfortunately, estimating the effectsof health insurance on health care demand is not straightforward. This paper identifies crucial factors (e.g., adverseselection and provider behaviour) that need to be consideredin estimating the effects of health insurance on health caredemand. These considerations persuade researchers to usea rigorous econometric model in estimating health care demandgiven insurance with a view to isolate the true effects ofhealth insurance program. Such considerations can be furtherclassified into two-main factors. First is the features of thedependent variables used to measure the demand, and secondis the source of the data (or study design) used in the analysis.Keywords: modelling, health insurance, demand healthcareservices, applied econometric

Pelembagaan Sistem Pemantauan dan Evaluasi: Pelajaran dari Berbagai Negara

This article provides lessons learned on the experience ofseveral countries that have succeeded in building a wellfunctioning government monitoring and evaluation (M&E)system. Discussions on this article are focused on: terms andconcepts in the field of M&E, outputs of M&E, utilization of M&Einformation, key success and pre-requisite to succes ininstitutionalizing M&E as well as actors M&E. The result indicatesthat ouputs of M&E system are used oftenly for: (i) supportingpolicy making, performance budgeting and national planning;(ii) helping ministries in their policy development and policyanalysis work, and in program development; (iii) managingactivities at the sector, program and project levels; and (iv)enhancing transparency and support accountabilityrelationships. The successful institutionalization of M&E involvesthe creation of a sustainable, wellfunctioning M&E system withina government, where good quality M&E information is usedintensively. This implies that key success for institutionalizingM&E system depends on: utilization of M&E information, qualityof M&E information and sustainability. Meanwhile prerequisiteto successful in institutionalizing of the M&E system must besupported by a substantive demand from the government,insentive mechanisms, powerful champion, and provision oftraining in a range of M&E tools, methods, approaches andconcepts. Actors involved in M&E system are not onlygovernment. Civil society (i.e., universities, NGOs, researchinstitutes, think tanks and the media) also can play a role inM&E in several ways, including as a user and producer ofM&E information

Peranan Teknologi Informasi Untuk Mempercepat Pelayanan Kepada Pelanggan Dalam Rangka Meningkatkan Daya Saing Perusahaan

Setiap Perusahaan, baik swasta maupun milik Negara, menghadapi tantangan persaingan yang semakin lama semakin ketat dan semakin mendunia. Untuk menghadapi tantangan ini, Perusahaan perlu mengembangkan visi yang dilandasi oleh pemahaman lingkungan USAha serta kekuatan dan potensi Perusahaan. Perubahan lingkungan dan respons yang dilakukan Perusahaan semakin lama dituntut semakin cepat. Visi bisnis dan strategi pendukungnya ini memerlukan peran sistem informasi, yang diolah dari berbagai data yang harus diidentifikasi. Ketatny waktu penentuan visi dan strategi bisnis secara signifikan telah menuntut kebutuhan informasi dari sejumlah besar orang yang terlibat dalam pengambilan keputusan. Teknologi informasi membantu manajemen untuk mempercepat pengolahan data, proses komunikasi, penetapan keputusan yang disepakati serta penentuan strategi Perusahaan. Paparan berikut membahas perant teknologi informasi dalam tiga hal: Penentuan business environment dimana Perusahaan memainkan persaingan, company environment dimana Perusahaan dapat memaksimumkan competitive advantage dan penggunaan informasi dalam memposisikan Perusahaan dalam lingkungan USAha di atas.Katakunci: minat berusaha, lingkungan bisnis, lingkungan USAha, lingkungan IT, business process, peran sistem informasi, era sistem informasi, strategic option, information system, organization syste