CFD Analysis to Study Effect of Circular Vortex Generator Placed in Inlet Section to Investigate Heat Transfer Aspects of Solar Air Heater

CFD analysis of 2-dimensional artificially roughened solar air heater duct with additional circular vortex generator, inserted in inlet section is carried out. Circular transverse ribs on the absorber plate are placed as usual. The analysis is done to investigate the effect of inserting additional vortex generator on the heat transfer and flow friction characteristics inside the solar air heater duct. This investigation covers relative roughness pitch in the range of 10 ≤ P/e ≤ 25 and relevant Reynolds numbers in the range of 3800 ≤ Re ≤ 18000. Relative roughness height (e/D) is kept constant as 0.03 for analysis. The turbulence created due to additional circular vortex generator increases the heat transfer rate and at the same time there is also increase in friction factor values. For combined arrangement of ribs and vortex generator, maximum Nusselt number is found to be 2.05 times that of the smooth duct. The enhancement in Nusselt number with ribs and additional vortex generator is found to be 1.06 times that of duct using ribs alone. The maximum increase in friction factor with ribs and circular vortex generator is found to be 2.91 times that of the smooth duct. Friction factor in a combined arrangement is 1.114 times that in a duct with ribs alone on the absorber plate. The augmentation in Thermal Enhancement Factor (TEF) with vortex generator in inlet section is found to be 1.06 times more than with circular ribs alone on the absorber plate

The association of state per capita income and military service deaths in the Vietnam and Iraq wars

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>In the United States, social burdens including war casualties are often distributed unequally across groups of individuals, communities, and states. The purpose of this report was to examine the association between war deaths and per capita income in the 50 states and District of Columbia during the Vietnam and Iraq wars.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>The numbers of deaths by the home state of record for each conflict were obtained from Department of Defense records on the Internet as were key variables including age at death, gender, race, branch of service, rank, circumstances of death, home state of record and the ratio of wounded to dead. In addition, we obtained state per capita income and state population for the relevant times.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Characteristics of decedents in the 2 conflicts were very similar with young, white enlisted men accounting for the majority of deaths. However, in the Iraq war, women accounted for a 2.4% of casualties. Also of note was the higher ratio of wounded to dead in Iraq. At the level of the state, the correlation between the ratio of deaths per 100,000 and per capita income was -0.51 (p < 0.0001) for Vietnam and -0.52 for Iraq (p < 0.0001). In both eras, states with lower per capita income tended to have higher ratios of deaths per population.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>For military service members serving in the Vietnam and Iraq conflicts, there were many more women who died in the latter war. Whether war deaths resulted in lower per capita income cannot be determined from these cross sectional data; we simply note a strong association between per capita income and war casualty rates for both wars.</p

Synthesis and Study of Electrical Properties of Di Ethylene Glycol Embedded ZrO2 Films as a Gas Sensor

In this paper, the effects of Di ethylene glycol (DEG) embedded Zirconium dioxide (ZrO2) microstructure and Liquid Petroleum Gas (LPG) Sensing characteristics of ZrO2 thin films prepared by spray pyrolysis method were investigated. The films are prepared at X wt. % concentrations (X= 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5) of Di ethylene Glycol. Microstructure of ZrO2 thin film was drastically changed by the addition of DEG, indicating that the addition of DEG was effective to prevent the agglomeration of ZrO2 particles. The high material and phase purities are found from the characterization studies in all as-prepared films. The better sensitivity factor (SF) values SF ~102 (at T = 450C) and SF = 100 (at T = 37oC) are obtained at 1 wt. % and 5 wt. % of Di ethylene Glycol respectively. It is observed that the gas sensing characteristics of these films are strongly influenced by the optimum concentration of DEG due to the high surface area of nano-sized ZrO2 particles

Advances in the development and application of deep eutectic solvents

Funding Information: As Guest Editors, we would like to appreciate all the authors for their valuable contributions and the referees for their excellent work in reviewing the submitted manuscripts.publishersversionpublishe

KNN-Based ML Model for the Symbol Prediction in TCM Trellis Coded Modulation TCM Decoder

Machine Learning is a booming technology today. In a machine learning set of training, data is to be provided to the model for training and that model predicts the output. Machine Learning models are trained using a computer program known as ML algorithms.The new machine learning-based Transition Metric Unit (TMU) of 4D- 8PSK Trellis coded Modulation TCM Decoder is presented in this work. The classic Viterbi decoder's branch metric unit, or TMU, takes on a complex structure. Trellis coded Modulation (TCM) is a combination of 8 PSK modulations and Error Correcting Code (ECC). TMU is one of the complex units of the TCM decoder, which is essentially a Viterbi decoder. Similar to how the first Branch metric is determined in the straightforward Viterbi decoder, the TCM decoder performs this BM computation via the TMU unit. The TMU becomes challenging and uses more dynamic power as a result of the enormous constraint length and the vast number of encoder states.In the proposed algorithm innovative KNN (K nearest neighbours) based ML model is developed. It is a supervised learning model in which input and output both are provided to the model, training data also called the labels, when a new set of data will come the model will give output based on its previous set experience and data.Here we are using this ML model for the symbol prediction at the receiver end of the TCM decoder based on the previous learning. Using the proposed innovation, the paper perceives the optimization of the TCM Decoder which will further reduce the H/W requirements and low latency which results in less power consumption

Single-Atom Catalysts: A Sustainable Pathway for the Advanced Catalytic Applications

A heterogeneous catalyst is a backbone of modern sustainable green industries; and understanding the relationship between its structure and properties is the key for its advancement. Recently, many upscaling synthesis strategies for the development of a variety of respectable control atomically precise heterogeneous catalysts are reported and explored for various important applications in catalysis for energy and environmental remediation. Precise atomic-scale control of catalysts has allowed to significantly increase activity, selectivity, and in some cases stability. This approach has proved to be relevant in various energy and environmental related technologies such as fuel cell, chemical reactors for organic synthesis, and environmental remediation. Therefore, this review aims to critically analyze the recent progress on single-atom catalysts (SACs) application in oxygen reduction reaction, oxygen evolution reaction, hydrogen evolution reaction, and chemical and/or electrochemical organic transformations. Finally, opportunities that may open up in the future are summarized, along with suggesting new applications for possible exploitation of SACs

Implementation of Security Protocol for Wireless Computer in Virtual Laboratory

Implementing security model for wireless computer network we require effective Wireless intranet setup; many models are in working to funct ion. This thing is focused at developing a security model to secure a Wireless Computer network of any institution. The model will develop to secure a Wireless Computer class - room through an authentication server by supplying authentication constraint at registration process, which is used at login for comparison then it will store. Fingerprint is used to make sure that a user is who claims to be. Time duration for access is allotted fo r a user, after which primary constraint will supplied for re - authentica tion. While a user is still logged - on, some security questions will pose intermittently to avoid counterfeiting. The methodology used for this research will be Structured System Analysis and Design (SSAD). For coding the program Java Programming Language w ill use and MySQL as a database. The final result of the system will secure model that guarantees secure access. This is different from the security of other wireless virtual class - room which uses only users name, pin or registration number

Security System for Industrial Gate And Generation of Gate Pass

This paper gives description of face recognition system which automatically identifies and/or verifies the identity of a person from digital images. The basic flow of system is the image is captured by camera. The PCA algorithm detects the face and extracts its features. After the extraction, system compares the captured images with data base images. When the system found the person to be authorized then the system opens the gate automatically. But if the person is unauthorized then the system does not allow to entering in the industrial campus as well as it will generate the gate pass for the person

Perspectives in quality: designing the WHO Surgical Safety Checklist

The World Health Organization's Patient Safety Programme created an initiative to improve the safety of surgery around the world. In order to accomplish this goal the programme team developed a checklist with items that could and, if at all possible, should be practised in all settings where surgery takes place. There is little guidance in the literature regarding methods for creating a medical checklist. The airline industry, however, has more than 70 years of experience in developing and using checklists. The authors of the WHO Surgical Safety Checklist drew lessons from the aviation experience to create a safety tool that supports essential clinical practice. In order to inform the methodology for development of future checklists in health care, we review how we applied lessons learned from the aviation experience in checklist development to the development of the Surgical Safety Checklist and also discuss the differences that exist between aviation and medicine that impact the use of checklists in health car