96 research outputs found
Within-family associations of parentâadolescent relationship quality and adolescent affective well-being
Background: Parentâadolescent relationship quality is theorized to be an important correlate of adolescent affective well-being. Little is known about the within-family processes underlying parentâadolescent relationship quality and affective well-being over a period of months. This three-wave, preregistered study examined within- and between-family associations between parentâadolescent relationship quality (support and conflict) and adolescent well-being (negative and positive affect). In addition, we examined whether the associations differed between mothers and fathers, and for adolescents' affective well-being in different social contexts (at home, at school, with peers). Methods: The sample consisted of 244 Dutch adolescents (61.5% girls; age range: 12â17 years; mean age = 13.8 years). Random-intercept cross-lagged panel models were used. Results: At the between-family level, higher levels of support and lower levels of conflict were associated with higher levels of positive affect and lower levels of negative affect. At the within-family level, increases in support and decreases in conflict were concurrently associated with increases in positive affect and decreases in negative affect. More parentâadolescent conflict than typical also predicted increases in negative affect, 3 months later, and more negative affect and less positive affect than typical predicted increased conflict, 3 months later. These within-family effects were largely similar for fathers and mothers. Associations for conflict occurred through bidirectional processes: Parentâadolescent conflict shaped and was shaped by adolescents' emotions at home, at school, and with peers. Conclusion: Results suggest that parentâadolescent relationship quality (especially conflict) and adolescent affective well-being cofluctuate and predict each other over time within families.</p
Within-family associations of parentâadolescent relationship quality and adolescent affective well-being
Background: Parentâadolescent relationship quality is theorized to be an important correlate of adolescent affective well-being. Little is known about the within-family processes underlying parentâadolescent relationship quality and affective well-being over a period of months. This three-wave, preregistered study examined within- and between-family associations between parentâadolescent relationship quality (support and conflict) and adolescent well-being (negative and positive affect). In addition, we examined whether the associations differed between mothers and fathers, and for adolescents' affective well-being in different social contexts (at home, at school, with peers). Methods: The sample consisted of 244 Dutch adolescents (61.5% girls; age range: 12â17 years; mean age = 13.8 years). Random-intercept cross-lagged panel models were used. Results: At the between-family level, higher levels of support and lower levels of conflict were associated with higher levels of positive affect and lower levels of negative affect. At the within-family level, increases in support and decreases in conflict were concurrently associated with increases in positive affect and decreases in negative affect. More parentâadolescent conflict than typical also predicted increases in negative affect, 3 months later, and more negative affect and less positive affect than typical predicted increased conflict, 3 months later. These within-family effects were largely similar for fathers and mothers. Associations for conflict occurred through bidirectional processes: Parentâadolescent conflict shaped and was shaped by adolescents' emotions at home, at school, and with peers. Conclusion: Results suggest that parentâadolescent relationship quality (especially conflict) and adolescent affective well-being cofluctuate and predict each other over time within families.</p
Neural Signals of Video Advertisement Liking:Insights into Psychological Processes and their Temporal Dynamics
What drives the liking of video advertisements? The authors analyzed neural signals during ad exposure from three functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data sets (113 participants from two countries watching 85 video ads) with automated meta-analytic decoding (Neurosynth). These brain-based measures of psychological processesâincluding perception and language (information processing), executive function and memory (cognitive functions), and social cognition and emotion (social-affective response)âpredicted subsequent self-report ad liking, with emotion and memory being the earliest predictorsafter the first three seconds. Over the span of ad exposure, while the predictiveness of emotion peaked early and fell, that of social cognition had a peak-and-stable pattern, followed by a late peak of predictiveness in perception and executive function.At the aggregate level, neural signalsâespecially those associated with social-affective responseâimproved the prediction of out-of-sample ad liking compared with traditional anatomically based neuroimaging analysis and self-report liking. Finally, earlyonset social-affective response predicted population ad liking in a behavioral replication. Overall, this study helps delineate the psychological mechanisms underlying ad processing and ad liking and proposes a novel neuroscience-based approach for generating psychological insights and improving out-of-sample predictions
The effect of (neo)adjuvant chemotherapy on long-term survival outcomes in patients with invasive lobular breast cancer treated with endocrine therapy:A retrospective cohort study
Background: Despite histological and molecular differences between invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) and invasive carcinoma of no special type, according to national treatment guidelines no distinction is made regarding the use of (neo)adjuvant chemotherapy. Studies on the long-term outcome of chemotherapy in patients with ILC are scarce and show inconclusive results. Methods:All patients with estrogen receptor (ER)âpositive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)ânegative ILC with an indication for chemotherapy treated with adjuvant endocrine therapy were selected from the Erasmus Medical Center Breast Cancer database. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate the effect of chemotherapy on recurrence-free survival (RFS), breast cancerâspecific survival (BCSS), and overall survival (OS). Results: A total of 520 patients were selected, of whom 379 were treated with chemotherapy and 141 were not. Patients in the chemotherapy group were younger (51 vs. 61 years old; p <.001), had a higher T status (T3+, 33% vs. 14%; p <.001), and more often had lymph node involvement (80% vs. 49%; p <.001) in comparison to the no-chemotherapy group. After adjusting for confounders, chemotherapy treatment was not associated with better RFS (hazard ratio [HR], 1.20; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.63â2.31), BCSS (HR, 1.24; 95% CI, 0.60â2.58), or OS (HR, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.56â1.66). This was also reflected by adjusted Cox survival curves in the chemotherapy versus no-chemotherapy group for RFS (75% vs. 79%), BCSS (80% vs. 84%), and OS (72% vs. 71%). Conclusions:Chemotherapy is not associated with improved RFS, BCSS, or OS for patients with ER+/HER2â ILC treated with adjuvant endocrine therapy and with an indication for chemotherapy.</p
Should we welcome robot teachers?
Abstract Current uses of robots in classrooms are
reviewed and used to characterise four scenarios: (s1)
Robot as Classroom Teacher; (s2) Robot as Companion
and Peer; (s3) Robot as Care-eliciting Companion; and (s4)
Telepresence Robot Teacher. The main ethical concerns
associated with robot teachers are identified as: privacy;
attachment, deception, and loss of human contact; and
control and accountability. These are discussed in terms of
the four identified scenarios. It is argued that classroom
robots are likely to impact childrenâsâ privacy, especially
when they masquerade as their friends and companions,
when sensors are used to measure childrenâs responses, and
when records are kept. Social robots designed to appear as
if they understand and care for humans necessarily involve
some deception (itself a complex notion), and could
increase the risk of reduced human contact. Children could
form attachments to robot companions (s2 and s3), or robot
teachers (s1) and this could have a deleterious effect on
their social development. There are also concerns about the
ability, and use of robots to control or make decisions
about childrenâs behaviour in the classroom. It is concluded
that there are good reasons not to welcome fully fledged
robot teachers (s1), and that robot companions (s2 and 3)
should be given a cautious welcome at best. The limited
circumstances in which robots could be used in the classroom
to improve the human condition by offering otherwise
unavailable educational experiences are discussed
Genetic and neurological foundations of customer orientation: field and experimental evidence
We explore genetic and neurological bases for customer orientation (CO) and contrast them with sales orientation (SO). Study 1 is a field study that establishes that CO, but not SO, leads to greater opportunity recognition. Study 2 examines genetic bases for CO and finds that salespeople with CO are more likely to have the 7R variant of the DRD4 gene. This is consistent with basic research on dopamine receptor activity in the brain that underlies novelty seeking, the reward function, and risk taking. Study 3 examines the neural basis of CO and finds that salespeople with CO, but not SO, experience greater activation of their mirror neuron systems and neural processes associated with empathy. Managerial and research implications are discussed
Debating the Desirability of New Biomedical Technologies: Lessons from the Introduction of Breast Cancer Screening in the Netherlands
Health technology assessment (HTA) was developed in the 1970s and 1980s to facilitate decision making on the desirability of new biomedical technologies. Since then, many of the standard tools and methods of HTA have been criticized for their implicit normativity. At the same time research into the character of technology in practice has motivated philosophers, sociologists and anthropologists to criticize the traditional view of technology as a neutral instrument designed to perform a specific function. Such research suggests that the tools and methods of more traditional forms of HTA are often inspired by an âinstrumentalistâ conception of technology that does not fit the way technology actually works. This paper explores this hypothesis for a specific case: the assessments and deliberations leading to the introduction of breast cancer screening in the Netherlands. After reconstructing this history of HTA âin the makingâ the stepwise model of HTA that emerged during the process is discussed. This model was rooted indeed in an instrumentalist conception of technology. However, a more detailed reconstruction of several episodes from this history reveals how the actors already experienced the inadequacy of some of the instrumentalist presuppositions. The historical case thus shows how an instrumentalist conception of technology may result in implicit normative effects. The paper concludes that an instrumentalist view of technology is not a good starting point for HTA and briefly suggests how the fit between HTA methods and the actual character of technology in practice might be improved
The yeast Cyc8-Tup1 complex cooperates with Hda1p and Rpd3p histone deacetylases to robustly repress transcription of the subtelomeric FLO1 gene
AbstractWe demonstrate that the yeast flocculation gene, FLO1, is representative of a distinct subset of subtelomeric genes that are robustly repressed by the Cyc8âTup1 complex. We have examined Cyc8âTup1 localisation, histone acetylation and long-range chromatin remodelling within the extensive FLO1 upstream region. We show that Cyc8âTup1 is localised in a DNase I hypersensitive site within an ordered array of strongly positioned nucleosomes around â700 base pairs upstream of the transcription start site. In cyc8 deletion mutant strains, Tup1p localisation is absent, with concomitant histone hyperacetylation of adjacent regions at the FLO1 promoter. This is accompanied by extensive histone depletion across the upstream region and gene activation. The yeast histone deacetylases, Hda1p and Rpd3p, occupy the repressed FLO1 promoter region in a Cyc8âTup1 dependent manner and coordinate histone deacetylation, nucleosome stabilisation and gene repression. Moreover, we show that the ATP-dependent chromatin remodelling complex SwiâSnf occupies the site vacated by Cyc8âTup1 in a cyc8 mutant. These data suggest that distinctly bound Cyc8âTup1 cooperates with Hda1p and Rpd3p to establish or maintain an extensive array of strongly positioned, deacetylated nucleosomes over the FLO1 promoter and upstream region which inhibit histone acetylation, block SwiâSnf binding and prevent transcription
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