Determination of Frequency and Distribution of Hessian Fly (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) Biotypes in the Northeastern Soft Wheat Region

Fifteen collections of Hessian flies from the northern soft winter wheat region of the United States were used to determine the composition and frequency of biotypes. The wheat cultivars \u27Seneca\u27 (H7Hs), \u27Monon\u27 (H3), \u27Knox 62\u27 (~, H7Hg), and \u27Abe\u27 (Hs) were used as differentials. Biotypes J and L replaced biotype B as the prevalent biotype in Indiana, since wheat cultivars having the Hs and the H6 genes have been grown. Biotype GP, the least virulent of any Hessian fly biotypes, was still present in New York indicating that wheat cuItivars with no genes for resistance are still being grown there. The genetic variability of Hessian fly biotypes that enables them to overcome the resistance in wheat cultivars is discussed

Turbulence in vertical axis wind turbine canopies

Experimental results from three different full scale arrays of vertical-axis wind turbines (VAWTs) under natural wind conditions are presented. The wind velocities throughout the turbine arrays are measured using a portable meteorological tower with seven, vertically staggered, three-component ultrasonic anemometers. The power output of each turbine is recorded simultaneously. The comparison between the horizontal and vertical energy transport for the different turbine array sizes shows the importance of vertical transport for large array configurations. Quadrant-hole analysis is employed to gain a better understanding of the vertical energy transport at the top of the VAWT arrays. The results show a striking similarity between the flows in the VAWT arrays and the adjustment region of canopies. Namely, an increase in ejections and sweeps and decrease in inward and outward interactions occur inside the turbine array. Ejections are the strongest contributor, which is in agreement with the literature on evolving and sparse canopy flows. The influence of the turbine array size on the power output of the downstream turbines is examined by comparing a streamwise row of four single turbines with square arrays of nine turbine pairs. The results suggest that a new boundary layer forms on top of the larger turbine arrays as the flow adjusts to the new roughness length. This increases the turbulent energy transport over the whole planform area of the turbine array. By contrast, for the four single turbines, the vertical energy transport due to turbulent fluctuations is only increased in the near wake of the turbines. These findings add to the knowledge of energy transport in turbine arrays and therefore the optimization of the turbine spacing in wind farms

Vertical axis wind turbine in a falling soap film

Vertical axis wind turbines (VAWTs) have demonstrated a potential to significantly enhance the efficiency of energy harvesting within a wind farm. One mechanism that contributes to this enhancement is a VAWT’s inherent insensitivity to wind direction coupled with blockage within an array of turbines. Much like the flow around a bluff body, turbine blockage can locally accelerate the flow near one turbine, providing faster inflow conditions for a well-placed neighboring turbine. Since the power produced by a VAWT typically scales as the cube of the incoming wind speed, even a modest acceleration of the flow can have a significant impact on the overall turbine array performance

Malignant melanoma in Chile: different site distribution between private and state patients

BACKGROUND: The body site location of primary Malignant Melanoma (MM) has been correlated with prognosis and survival. Ethnic, genetics, sun exposure factors are related to the anatomical distribution of MM. Low and high socioeconomic strata in Chile differ in ethnic, genetic and cultural conditions. The purpose of this study was to analyze the anatomical MM distribution in the Chilean population in both strata searching for differences due to their ethno-genetic-cultural differences. Records of 1148 MM, 575cases from state hospitals (Low Socioeconomic Strata, LSS) and 573 cases from private clinics (High Socioeconomic Strata, HSS) were analyzed by body site. RESULTS: Females from LSS showed a higher number of MM in soles, cheeks, and around the eye area. Females from the HSS showed a higher number of MM in dorsal feet and dorsal hands. Males from LSS showed a higher number of MM in soles, around the eye area, and cheeks. However, males from HSS showed a higher number of MM in the trunk, and in the arms. Acral MM was significantly higher in LSS than in the HSS in both sexes. The Chilean population from the HSS and LSS showed differences in the distribution of MM by site. Furthermore, gender differences in the proportion of MM analyzed by anatomical site are observed in both strata. CONCLUSIONS: Results show evidence that differential genetics factors, sun exposure, or other environmental or cultural factors of both strata may account for these differences

Isolation of modulators of Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptides (OATPs) from Rollinia emarginata Schlecht (Annonaceae)

Comparative Medicine - OneHealth and Comparative Medicine Poster SessionOrganic Anion Transporting Polypeptides (OATPs) comprise a superfamily of sodium-independent membrane transporters which are involved in transporting numerous endogenous and exogenous substances. OATPs are expressed in different tissues such as intestine, liver, kidney and brain, and are responsible for the uptake of important drugs including cholesterol-lowering agents (statins), endothelin receptor antagonists (sartans), the anticancer drugs methotrexate, SN-38, paclitaxel and docetaxel, as well as the antibiotic rifampicin. Through a strategic collaboration, we search for novel small molecules from the organic extract of Rollinia emarginata Schlecht. (Annonaceae) that interact with the liver specific OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 applying a bioassay guided isolation approach. The organic extract was fractionated using different chromatographic techniques, and each fraction was tested for its effect on OATP1B1- and OATP1B3-mediated transport of 1µM estrone-3-sulfate and 0.1µM estradiol-17||-glucuronide. Several inhibitors, including both substrate-specific and non-specific, were isolated and chemically identified. For instance, the compound Quercetin 3-O-||-L-arabinopyranosyl (1 ->2)||-L-rhamnopyranoside was shown to inhibit both OATP1B1- and OATP1B3-mediated transport of estradiol-17||-glucuronide by more than 90%, relative to control (DMSO). However, with respect to transport of 1µM estrone-3-sulfate it inhibits OATP1B1 by only 45% while, interestingly, stimulating transport mediated by OATP1B3 (2 fold over control). Thanks to our collaborative efforts, we were able to show that plants can be suitable source of small molecules that modulate OATPs using bioassay guided isolation approach

Low-order modeling of wind farm aerodynamics using leaky Rankine bodies

We develop and characterize a low-order model of the mean flow through an array of vertical-axis wind turbines (VAWTs), consisting of a uniform flow and pairs of potential sources and sinks to represent each VAWT. The source and sink in each pair are of unequal strength, thereby forming a “leaky Rankine body” (LRB). In contrast to a classical Rankine body, which forms closed streamlines around a bluff body in potential flow, the LRB streamlines have a qualitatively similar appearance to a separated bluff body wake; hence, the LRB concept is used presently to model the VAWT wake. The relative strengths of the source and sink are determined from first principles analysis of an actuator disk model of the VAWTs. The LRB model is compared with field measurements of various VAWT array configurations measured over a 3-yr campaign. It is found that the LRB model correctly predicts the ranking of array performances to within statistical certainty. Furthermore, by using the LRB model to predict the flow around two-turbine and three-turbine arrays, we show that there are two competing fluid dynamic mechanisms that contribute to the overall array performance: turbine blockage, which locally accelerates the flow; and turbine wake formation, which locally decelerates the flow as energy is extracted. A key advantage of the LRB model is that optimal turbine array configurations can be found with significantly less computational expense than higher fidelity numerical simulations of the flow and much more rapidly than in experiments