Fifteen collections of Hessian flies from the northern soft winter wheat region of the United States were used to determine the composition and frequency of biotypes. The wheat cultivars \u27Seneca\u27 (H7Hs), \u27Monon\u27 (H3), \u27Knox 62\u27 (~, H7Hg), and \u27Abe\u27 (Hs) were used as differentials. Biotypes J and L replaced biotype B as the prevalent biotype in Indiana, since wheat cultivars having the Hs and the H6 genes have been grown. Biotype GP, the least virulent of any Hessian fly biotypes, was still present in New York indicating that wheat cuItivars with no genes for resistance are still being grown there. The genetic variability of Hessian fly biotypes that enables them to overcome the resistance in wheat cultivars is discussed

Araya, J. E

Chen, B. H

Foster, J. E

Kudagamage, C.

Taylor, P. L

English

ValpoScholar

The Great Lakes Entomologist 
Volume 23 
Number 4 - Winter 1990 Number 4 - Winter 
1990 
Article 7 
December 1990 
Determination of Frequency and Distribution of Hessian Fly 
(Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) Biotypes in the Northeastern Soft Wheat 
Region 
B. H. Chen 
Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute 
J. E. Foster 
University of Nebraska 
P. L. Taylor 
Purdue University 
J. E. Araya 
Universidad de Chile 
C. Kudagamage 
Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle 
 Part of the Entomology Commons 
Recommended Citation 
Chen, B. H.; Foster, J. E.; Taylor, P. L.; Araya, J. E.; and Kudagamage, C. 1990. "Determination of Frequency 
and Distribution of Hessian Fly (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) Biotypes in the Northeastern Soft Wheat Region," 
The Great Lakes Entomologist, vol 23 (4) 
Available at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol23/iss4/7 
This Peer-Review Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Biology at ValpoScholar. 
It has been accepted for inclusion in The Great Lakes Entomologist by an authorized administrator of ValpoScholar. 
For more information, please contact a ValpoScholar staff member at scholar@valpo.edu. 
1990 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST 217 
DETERMINATION OF FREQUENCY AND DISTRIBUTION OF 

HESSIAN FLY (DIPTERA:' CECIDOMYIIDAE) BIOTYPES IN 

THE 
NORTHEASTERN SOFT WHEAT REGIONl 

B. H. Chen2, J. E. Foster3, P. L. Taylor 4, J. E. Araya 5, and C. Kudagamage 6 
ABSTRACT 
Fifteen collections of Hessian flies from the northern soft winter wheat region 
of 
the United States were used to determine the composition 
and frequency of 
biotypes. The wheat cultivars 'Seneca' (H7Hs), 'Monon' (H3), 'Knox 62' (~, H7Hg), 
and 'Abe' (Hs) were used as differentials. Biotypes J and L replaced biotype B as the 
prevalent biotype in Indiana, since wheat cultivars having the Hs and the H6 genes 
have been grown. Biotype GP, the least virulent of any Hessian fly biotypes, was 
still present in New York indicating that wheat cuItivars with no genes for resistance 
are still being grown there. The genetic variability of Hessian fly biotypes that 
enables them to overcome the resistance in wheat cultivars is discussed. 
The Hessian fly, Mayetio/a destructor (Say) is one of the most serious insect 
pests of wheat in the United States. It is usually controlled by resistant cuItivars and 
by planting winter wheat cultivars after the "fly-free" dates. However, the wide­
spread use of r sistant cuItivars has resulted in the development of new biotypes 
having the ability to infest previously resistant cultivars (Gallun 1977). The fre­
quency of biotypes is dynamic because of the selection pressure of the resistant 
cultivars on Hessian fly populations. The rate of change depends o  the selection 
intensity of resistant cultivars (Gallun et al. 1961, Hatchett 1969). Biotype B 
replaced biotype A as the prevalent biotype in Indiana after the wheat cultivar 
'Dual', having the H3 gene for resistance, was released in 1955 and became widely 
grown by 1959 (Hatchett and Gallun 1968); Biotype E was found in Georgia to infest 
'Georgia 1123' having the H3 gene for resistance where this cultivar represented 75% 
of the wheat hectarage (Hatchett 1969); Biotypes J and L were discovered in Indiana 
where cultivars having the H5 gene for resistance were being predominantly grown 
(Sosa 1981). These events illustrate that the Hessian fly possesses the genetic varia­
bility for virulence that is necessary to overcome the resistance in wheat. 
Some individuals in a field population f Hessian flies are capable of surviving 
the release of a new resistant cultivar which cannot be infested by the rest of the 
IJournal Paper No. 12,569, Purdue University Agriculture Experiment Station, W. 
Lafayette, IN 47907. 
2Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, 189 Chung-cheng Road, Wan-feng, Wu-feng, 
Taichung, Taiwan Republic of China. 
3Head, Dept. of Entomology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583. 
4Research Assistant, Dept. of Entomology, Purdue University, W. Lafayette, IN 47907. 
5Associate Professor, Departamento de Sanidad Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y 
Forestales, Universidad de Chile, Casilla lOO4-Santiago, Chile. Currently, Research Associ­
ate, Dept. of Entomology, Purdue University, W. Lafayette, IN 47907. 
6Research Entomologist, 80 Gampoland, NawaIapitiya, Sri Lanka. 
1
Chen et al.: Determination of Frequency and Distribution of Hessian Fly (Dipte
Published by ValpoScholar, 1990
218 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 23, No.4 
individuals in the population. As the area cultivated with these resistant cultivars 
increases, the difference in fitness between the virulent and avirulent flies results in a 
shift in the biotype proportion in favor of the virulent population variant. The 
resistant cultivars become eventually more susceptible each year to this population, 
and a new biotype will be identified. Since the discoveries of biotype J in the field, 
several cultivars with the H6 gene that are resistant to this biotype have been released 
('Auburn', Patterson et al. 1982a; 'Caldwell', Patterson et al. 1982b; 'Fillmore', 
Patterson et al. 1985; and 'Adder', Shaner et al. 1986). As wider areas are grown 
with these resistant wheat cultivars, the frequency of biotypes that are capable of 
surviving on them is also expected to increase in the future. It is always necessary to 
monitor the occurrence of virulent biotypes in order to breed wheat cultivars resist­
ant to them. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the distribution 
and frequency of Hessian fly biotypes in the northern and eastern areas of the soft 
wheat region. 
MATERIALS AND METHODS 
Wheat crops from 15 locations in five states in the northeast portion of the soft 
winter wheat region were sampled in 1986 to determine the presence of Hessian flies. 
Each sample consisting of at least 100 or more plants per site was brought into the 
Insect and Weed Control Research Unit laboratories of the U. S. D partment of
Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, at Purdue University for the emergence 
of 
adult flies. Then, each sample was increased as a bulk population for one genera­
tion by caging ovipositing adult flies on susceptible 'Blue boy' wheat. When the 
second generation adults emerged from Blueboy, the biotype 
was determined 
according to the plant response to progenies of a single fertile female having infested 
four differential cultivars, Seneca (H7Hg), Monon (H3)' Knox 62 (H6' H7Hs), and 
Abe (Hs) (Gallun et al. 1961). These four cultivars were seeded separately in 10.2 em 
plastic pots divided into four sections. The location of each differential cultivar was 
standardized and marked, so that their sequence was the same in each pot. A 
minimum of 100 progenies was used to determine the biotype frequency of each 
location. When the seedlings were in the two-leaf stage, they were thinned to 3 
seedlings per cultivar and covered by a transparent plastic cage. The top of this cage 
was vented with a hole covered with fine plastic screen, and a 2.5 cm diam. hole in 
the middle of the cage side was used for introducing a fertile fly into the cage during 
infestation. A dispo plug was used to prevent the fly from escaping. At the peak fly 
emergence, each pot of differentials w s infested by placing a single mated gravid 
female inside the cage for oviposition. After two days, the differentials were uncov­
ered and reviewed for eggs. Only pots with eggs on all cultivars were saved. 
Two weeks after infestation, the phenotype of the fly progenies in each pot was 
determined according to the reactions of wheat cultivars. Susceptible plants have 
dark green leaves, stunted appearance, and supported live larvae; whereas the resist­
ant plants contained dead larvae, maintained light green leaves, and grew in a 
normal manner (Gallun et al. 1961). All biotype determinations were conducted in 
environmental growth chambers set at 20± 1°C and a 14 L: 10 D photoperiod. 
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 
The frequency (percentage) of the Hessian fly biotypes in the samples are listed 
in Table 1. Results showed that in 1986, biotype L was predominant in all counties 
of 
Indiana sampled except Tippecanoe where biotype J 
was most prevalent. Bio­
types J and L were also the most prevalent biotypes in Indiana and nearby states 
(Table 1). These two biotypes occurred in 12 of 15 locations sampled. High fre­
quency of biotype J and L in Illinois and Indiana samples indicates that these 
2
The Great Lakes Entomologist, Vol. 23, No. 4 [1990], Art. 7
https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol23/iss4/7
1990 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST 219 
Table 1. - Frequency (percentage) of Hessian fly biotypes in samples collected in 1986 fr m th
northeastern soft wheat region 
Number of 
States Counties fernales tested A 
Illinois Wabash 82 0 0 0 0 0 23 77 0 
White 73 0 0 0 0 0 14 86 0 
Indiana Knox 105 0 0 0 0 0 1 99 0 
Pike 93 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 
Posey 102 0 0 0 5 0 21 74 0 
Sullivan 102 0 0 0 0 0 20 80 0 
Tippecanoe 124 0 0 0 0 0 85 15 0 
Michigan Berrien 96 0 0 0 0 0 90 9 1 
Branch 1I8 0 0 0 0 0 35 0 0 
Calhoun 89 0 1 0 2 2 18 7 0 
Ingham 103 
0 0 0 
13 0 40 22 0 
New York Tompkins (I) 94 10 81 6 0 0 0 0 0 
Tompkins (2) 94 12 53 22 0 3 0 0 0 
Ohio Crawford 109 0 36 0 0 0 59 3 2 
Sandusky 93 0 79 0 3 0 17 1 0 
biotypes overlap in these areas. This result is understandable because wheat cultivars 
susceptible to both biotypes J and L are currently grown in both states. These 
biotypes can stunt cultivars with the H3, Hs, and H7HS genes; however, only biotype 
L can survive on wheat cultivars with the H6 gene for resistance. Thus, biotype L will 
most likely increase in frequency, providing that the cultivars with the H6 gene 
continue to be widely grown. Currently, Caldwell, with the H6 gene for Hessian fly 
resistance (Patterson et al. 1982), is the most prevalent wheat in Indiana. As a result, 
the frequency of biotype L has increased from 33.3070 in a sample from Randolph 
Co. (Sosa 1981) to 100% in a sample from Pike Co. in this study. 
This study showed that wheat cultivars having the H~, Hs, and H7HS genes were 
susceptible to the Indiana flies (Table 2). This result mdicated that Hessian fly 
populations in these areas are evolving and are homozygous for virulence at these 
three loci. Only wheat cultivars having the H6 gene provided resistance to some of 
the flies. The development of additional biotypes is expected in Indiana. Prior to 
resistant cultivars of wheat being released, biotype A was predominant (Gallun et al. 
1961). When ~u1tivars with the H3 gene for resistance occupied a high percentage of 
the wheat cultivated (50070) in Indiana, biotype B became prevalent (Hatchett and 
Gallun 1968, Gallun 1972). After cultivars with the H6 gene for resistance were 
grown, biotype J was discovered (Sosa 1981). Since 1980, several cultivars with the 
Hs 
and the 
H6 gene have been released in Indiana (Patterson et al. 1982a, 1982b, 
1985, 
Shaner et al. 1986). These cuitivars were immediately accepted and cultivated 
area increased. This study showed that biotype L 
is becoming more prevalent, 
further illustrating that the Hessian fly possesses the genetic variability for virulence 
and is evolving and overcoming the resistant genes that are incorporated into wheat. 
Biotype A was the predominant biotype in the New York samples along with the 
Great Plains (GP) biotype. Because the GP biotype will only survive on cultivars 
with no genes for resistance, GP is probably the original biotype; cultivars with 
resistant gene likes the H7HS would select against it, favoring the development of 
biotype A. 
If 
cultivars having other genes for resistance were grown, however, biotypes 
other than biotype A would be detected. This inference 
is reasonable because the GP 
biotype probab y represen s the original population f the Hessian fly in the eastern 
United States, and would have the most genetic variability for virulence to wheat. 
Using laboratory data, Gallun (1977) pointed out that a mating between a com­
3
Chen et al.: Determination of Frequency and Distribution of Hessian Fly (Dipte
Published by ValpoScholar, 1990
220 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 23, No.4 
Table 2. - Percentage of the four differential wheat cultivars susceptible to the Hessian fly collected 
in 1986 in 
different locations 
Number 
of Percentage 
Homozygous Susceptible in 
States Counties 
females tested Seneca Monon Knox 62 Abe 
(H7H8) (H3) (H6• H7Hg) (H5> 
Illinois Wabash 82 97.6 100.0 75.6 100.0 
White 73 100.0 100.0 86.3 100.0 
Indiana 
Knox 
Pike 
105 
93 
100.0 100.0 91.4 100.0 
100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 
Posey 
Sullivan 
102 
102 
100.0 100.0 78.4 95.1 
100.0 100.0 77.5 100.0 
Michigan 
Tippecanoe 
Berrien 
Branch 
124 
96 
118 
99.2 100.0 4.8 100.0 
97.9 100.0 7.3 100.0 
100.0 100.0 0.0 33.1 
Calhoun 
89 97.8 98.9 9.0 24.7 
New York 
Ohio 
Ingham
Tompkins (I) 
Tompkins (2) Crawford 
103 
94 
94 
109 
100.0 100.0 34.0 62.1 
80.9 4.3 20.2 l.l 
89.4 0.0 2.1 0.0 
98.2 100.0 3.7 56.0 
Sandusky 
93 100.0 100.0 3.2 14.0 
pletely heterozygous GP female and a GP male, with maternally derived recessive 
alleles at the four differenti  loci, would theoretically produce progenies of all 
sixteen known biotypes when placed on four differentials. In Michigan, biotypes B 
and J were predominant in each county sampled, however, biotype L was found in 
three of four counties sampled, 
especially 
in Ingham Co. This is the first report of 
these three biotypes from Michigan. In Ohio, biotypes A and J were prevalent. 
Biotype J had not been previously reported from ,Ohio. In Illinois, biotypes J and L 
were the predominant biotypes, and this is the first report of these biotypes in this 
state. With the occurrence of 
biotypes 
J and L in these states, this study re-confirms 
that an increase in the 
use 
of cultivars with specific genes or resistance creates a 
change in the frequency of each biotype in the 
field, 
because the selection pressur  
favors 
individuals 
that can live on the specific r sistant genes of wh at (Gallun et aI. 
1961). The high frequency of biotype L in Indiana and Illinois indicates that an 
outbreak of the Hessian 
fly 
could occur in these areas. The large area with wheat 
cultivars having the H6 gene for resistance favors the selection for biotyp  L; there­
fore, 
a release 
of wheat cultivars resis ant to this biotype is needed. 
LITERATURE CITED 
Gallun, R. 
L. 1972. Genetic interrelationships between host plants and insects. J. Environ. 
Quality 1 :259-265. 
Gallun, R. L. 1977. Genetics basis of Hessian fly epidemics. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 
287:223-229. 
GalIun, R. L., H. O. Deay, and W. B. Cartwright. 1961. Four races of Hessian fly selected and 
developed from an Indiana population. Purdue Univ. Agric. Exp. Stn. Res. Bull. No. 732, 7 
pp. 
Hatchett, J. H. 1969. Race E, sixth race of the Hessian fly, Ma etiola destructor, discovered in 
Georgia wheat fields. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 62:677-678. 
Hatchett, J. ., and R. L. Gallun. 1968. Frequency of Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor, races 
in field populations. Ann. EntomoI. Soc. Amer. 61:1446-1449. 
Patterson, F. L., G. E. Shaner, H. W. Ohm, R. E. Finney, R. L. Gallun, J. J. Roberts, and J. 
E. Foster. 1982a. Registration of Auburn wheat. Crop Sci. 22:161-162. 
4
The Great Lakes Entomologist, Vol. 23, No. 4 [1990], Art. 7
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1990 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST 221 
Patterson, F. L., H. W. Ohm, O. E. Shaner, R. E. Finney, R. L. Oallun, J. J. Roberts, and J. 
E. Foster. 1982b. Registration of Caldwell wheat. Crop Sci. 22:691-692. 
Patterson, F. L., H  W. Ohm, O. E. Shaner, R. L. Oallun, J. J. Roberts, and J. E. Foster. 
1985. Registration of Fillmore soft red winter wheat. Crop Sci. 25:326. 
Shaner, O. E., H. W. Ohm, J. E. Foster, F L. Patterson, R. L. Oallun, D. M. Huber, O. C. 
Buechley, O. O. Safranski, and J. M. Hertel. 1986. Registration of Adder wheat. Crop Sci. 
26:201. 
Sosa, 0., Jr. 1981. Biotypes J and L of the Hessian fly discovered in an Indiana wheat field. J. 
Econ. Entomol. 74: 180-182. 
5
Chen et al.: Determination of Frequency and Distribution of Hessian Fly (Dipte
Published by ValpoScholar, 1990


Determination of Frequency and Distribution of Hessian Fly (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) Biotypes in the Northeastern Soft Wheat Region

Valparaiso University

The Great Lakes Entomologist Volume 23 Number 4 - Winter 1990 Number 4 - Winter 1990 Article 7 December 1990 Determination of Frequency and Distribution of Hessian Fly (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) Biotypes in the Northeastern Soft Wheat Region B. H. Chen Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute J. E. Foster University of Nebraska P. L. Taylor Purdue University J. E. Araya Universidad de Chile C. Kudagamage Follow this and additional works at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle  Part of the Entomology Commons Recommended Citation Chen, B. H.; Foster, J. E.; Taylor, P. L.; Araya, J. E.; and Kudagamage, C. 1990. "Determination of Frequency and Distribution of Hessian Fly (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) Biotypes in the Northeastern Soft Wheat Region," The Great Lakes Entomologist, vol 23 (4) Available at: https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol23/iss4/7 This Peer-Review Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of Biology at ValpoScholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in The Great Lakes Entomologist by an authorized administrator of ValpoScholar. For more information, please contact a ValpoScholar staff member at scholar@valpo.edu. 1990 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST 217 DETERMINATION OF FREQUENCY AND DISTRIBUTION OF HESSIAN FLY (DIPTERA:' CECIDOMYIIDAE) BIOTYPES IN THE NORTHEASTERN SOFT WHEAT REGIONl B. H. Chen2, J. E. Foster3, P. L. Taylor 4, J. E. Araya 5, and C. Kudagamage 6 ABSTRACT Fifteen collections of Hessian flies from the northern soft winter wheat region of the United States were used to determine the composition and frequency of biotypes. The wheat cultivars 'Seneca' (H7Hs), 'Monon' (H3), 'Knox 62' (~, H7Hg), and 'Abe' (Hs) were used as differentials. Biotypes J and L replaced biotype B as the prevalent biotype in Indiana, since wheat cultivars having the Hs and the H6 genes have been grown. Biotype GP, the least virulent of any Hessian fly biotypes, was still present in New York indicating that wheat cuItivars with no genes for resistance are still being grown there. The genetic variability of Hessian fly biotypes that enables them to overcome the resistance in wheat cultivars is discussed. The Hessian fly, Mayetio/a destructor (Say) is one of the most serious insect pests of wheat in the United States. It is usually controlled by resistant cuItivars and by planting winter wheat cultivars after the "fly-free" dates. However, the wide­spread use of r sistant cuItivars has resulted in the development of new biotypes having the ability to infest previously resistant cultivars (Gallun 1977). The fre­quency of biotypes is dynamic because of the selection pressure of the resistant cultivars on Hessian fly populations. The rate of change depends o  the selection intensity of resistant cultivars (Gallun et al. 1961, Hatchett 1969). Biotype B replaced biotype A as the prevalent biotype in Indiana after the wheat cultivar 'Dual', having the H3 gene for resistance, was released in 1955 and became widely grown by 1959 (Hatchett and Gallun 1968); Biotype E was found in Georgia to infest 'Georgia 1123' having the H3 gene for resistance where this cultivar represented 75% of the wheat hectarage (Hatchett 1969); Biotypes J and L were discovered in Indiana where cultivars having the H5 gene for resistance were being predominantly grown (Sosa 1981). These events illustrate that the Hessian fly possesses the genetic varia­bility for virulence that is necessary to overcome the resistance in wheat. Some individuals in a field population f Hessian flies are capable of surviving the release of a new resistant cultivar which cannot be infested by the rest of the IJournal Paper No. 12,569, Purdue University Agriculture Experiment Station, W. Lafayette, IN 47907. 2Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute, 189 Chung-cheng Road, Wan-feng, Wu-feng, Taichung, Taiwan Republic of China. 3Head, Dept. of Entomology, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583. 4Research Assistant, Dept. of Entomology, Purdue University, W. Lafayette, IN 47907. 5Associate Professor, Departamento de Sanidad Vegetal, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias y Forestales, Universidad de Chile, Casilla lOO4-Santiago, Chile. Currently, Research Associ­ate, Dept. of Entomology, Purdue University, W. Lafayette, IN 47907. 6Research Entomologist, 80 Gampoland, NawaIapitiya, Sri Lanka. 1Chen et al.: Determination of Frequency and Distribution of Hessian Fly (DiptePublished by ValpoScholar, 1990218 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 23, No.4 individuals in the population. As the area cultivated with these resistant cultivars increases, the difference in fitness between the virulent and avirulent flies results in a shift in the biotype proportion in favor of the virulent population variant. The resistant cultivars become eventually more susceptible each year to this population, and a new biotype will be identified. Since the discoveries of biotype J in the field, several cultivars with the H6 gene that are resistant to this biotype have been released ('Auburn', Patterson et al. 1982a; 'Caldwell', Patterson et al. 1982b; 'Fillmore', Patterson et al. 1985; and 'Adder', Shaner et al. 1986). As wider areas are grown with these resistant wheat cultivars, the frequency of biotypes that are capable of surviving on them is also expected to increase in the future. It is always necessary to monitor the occurrence of virulent biotypes in order to breed wheat cultivars resist­ant to them. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the distribution and frequency of Hessian fly biotypes in the northern and eastern areas of the soft wheat region. MATERIALS AND METHODS Wheat crops from 15 locations in five states in the northeast portion of the soft winter wheat region were sampled in 1986 to determine the presence of Hessian flies. Each sample consisting of at least 100 or more plants per site was brought into the Insect and Weed Control Research Unit laboratories of the U. S. D partment ofAgriculture, Agricultural Research Service, at Purdue University for the emergence of adult flies. Then, each sample was increased as a bulk population for one genera­tion by caging ovipositing adult flies on susceptible 'Blue boy' wheat. When the second generation adults emerged from Blueboy, the biotype was determined according to the plant response to progenies of a single fertile female having infested four differential cultivars, Seneca (H7Hg), Monon (H3)' Knox 62 (H6' H7Hs), and Abe (Hs) (Gallun et al. 1961). These four cultivars were seeded separately in 10.2 em plastic pots divided into four sections. The location of each differential cultivar was standardized and marked, so that their sequence was the same in each pot. A minimum of 100 progenies was used to determine the biotype frequency of each location. When the seedlings were in the two-leaf stage, they were thinned to 3 seedlings per cultivar and covered by a transparent plastic cage. The top of this cage was vented with a hole covered with fine plastic screen, and a 2.5 cm diam. hole in the middle of the cage side was used for introducing a fertile fly into the cage during infestation. A dispo plug was used to prevent the fly from escaping. At the peak fly emergence, each pot of differentials w s infested by placing a single mated gravid female inside the cage for oviposition. After two days, the differentials were uncov­ered and reviewed for eggs. Only pots with eggs on all cultivars were saved. Two weeks after infestation, the phenotype of the fly progenies in each pot was determined according to the reactions of wheat cultivars. Susceptible plants have dark green leaves, stunted appearance, and supported live larvae; whereas the resist­ant plants contained dead larvae, maintained light green leaves, and grew in a normal manner (Gallun et al. 1961). All biotype determinations were conducted in environmental growth chambers set at 20± 1°C and a 14 L: 10 D photoperiod. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The frequency (percentage) of the Hessian fly biotypes in the samples are listed in Table 1. Results showed that in 1986, biotype L was predominant in all counties of Indiana sampled except Tippecanoe where biotype J was most prevalent. Bio­types J and L were also the most prevalent biotypes in Indiana and nearby states (Table 1). These two biotypes occurred in 12 of 15 locations sampled. High fre­quency of biotype J and L in Illinois and Indiana samples indicates that these 2The Great Lakes Entomologist, Vol. 23, No. 4 [1990], Art. 7https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol23/iss4/71990 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST 219 Table 1. - Frequency (percentage) of Hessian fly biotypes in samples collected in 1986 fr m thnortheastern soft wheat region Number of States Counties fernales tested A Illinois Wabash 82 0 0 0 0 0 23 77 0 White 73 0 0 0 0 0 14 86 0 Indiana Knox 105 0 0 0 0 0 1 99 0 Pike 93 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 Posey 102 0 0 0 5 0 21 74 0 Sullivan 102 0 0 0 0 0 20 80 0 Tippecanoe 124 0 0 0 0 0 85 15 0 Michigan Berrien 96 0 0 0 0 0 90 9 1 Branch 1I8 0 0 0 0 0 35 0 0 Calhoun 89 0 1 0 2 2 18 7 0 Ingham 103 0 0 0 13 0 40 22 0 New York Tompkins (I) 94 10 81 6 0 0 0 0 0 Tompkins (2) 94 12 53 22 0 3 0 0 0 Ohio Crawford 109 0 36 0 0 0 59 3 2 Sandusky 93 0 79 0 3 0 17 1 0 biotypes overlap in these areas. This result is understandable because wheat cultivars susceptible to both biotypes J and L are currently grown in both states. These biotypes can stunt cultivars with the H3, Hs, and H7HS genes; however, only biotype L can survive on wheat cultivars with the H6 gene for resistance. Thus, biotype L will most likely increase in frequency, providing that the cultivars with the H6 gene continue to be widely grown. Currently, Caldwell, with the H6 gene for Hessian fly resistance (Patterson et al. 1982), is the most prevalent wheat in Indiana. As a result, the frequency of biotype L has increased from 33.3070 in a sample from Randolph Co. (Sosa 1981) to 100% in a sample from Pike Co. in this study. This study showed that wheat cultivars having the H~, Hs, and H7HS genes were susceptible to the Indiana flies (Table 2). This result mdicated that Hessian fly populations in these areas are evolving and are homozygous for virulence at these three loci. Only wheat cultivars having the H6 gene provided resistance to some of the flies. The development of additional biotypes is expected in Indiana. Prior to resistant cultivars of wheat being released, biotype A was predominant (Gallun et al. 1961). When ~u1tivars with the H3 gene for resistance occupied a high percentage of the wheat cultivated (50070) in Indiana, biotype B became prevalent (Hatchett and Gallun 1968, Gallun 1972). After cultivars with the H6 gene for resistance were grown, biotype J was discovered (Sosa 1981). Since 1980, several cultivars with the Hs and the H6 gene have been released in Indiana (Patterson et al. 1982a, 1982b, 1985, Shaner et al. 1986). These cuitivars were immediately accepted and cultivated area increased. This study showed that biotype L is becoming more prevalent, further illustrating that the Hessian fly possesses the genetic variability for virulence and is evolving and overcoming the resistant genes that are incorporated into wheat. Biotype A was the predominant biotype in the New York samples along with the Great Plains (GP) biotype. Because the GP biotype will only survive on cultivars with no genes for resistance, GP is probably the original biotype; cultivars with resistant gene likes the H7HS would select against it, favoring the development of biotype A. If cultivars having other genes for resistance were grown, however, biotypes other than biotype A would be detected. This inference is reasonable because the GP biotype probab y represen s the original population f the Hessian fly in the eastern United States, and would have the most genetic variability for virulence to wheat. Using laboratory data, Gallun (1977) pointed out that a mating between a com­3Chen et al.: Determination of Frequency and Distribution of Hessian Fly (DiptePublished by ValpoScholar, 1990220 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST Vol. 23, No.4 Table 2. - Percentage of the four differential wheat cultivars susceptible to the Hessian fly collected in 1986 in different locations Number of Percentage Homozygous Susceptible in States Counties females tested Seneca Monon Knox 62 Abe (H7H8) (H3) (H6• H7Hg) (H5> Illinois Wabash 82 97.6 100.0 75.6 100.0 White 73 100.0 100.0 86.3 100.0 Indiana Knox Pike 105 93 100.0 100.0 91.4 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 Posey Sullivan 102 102 100.0 100.0 78.4 95.1 100.0 100.0 77.5 100.0 Michigan Tippecanoe Berrien Branch 124 96 118 99.2 100.0 4.8 100.0 97.9 100.0 7.3 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 33.1 Calhoun 89 97.8 98.9 9.0 24.7 New York Ohio InghamTompkins (I) Tompkins (2) Crawford 103 94 94 109 100.0 100.0 34.0 62.1 80.9 4.3 20.2 l.l 89.4 0.0 2.1 0.0 98.2 100.0 3.7 56.0 Sandusky 93 100.0 100.0 3.2 14.0 pletely heterozygous GP female and a GP male, with maternally derived recessive alleles at the four differenti  loci, would theoretically produce progenies of all sixteen known biotypes when placed on four differentials. In Michigan, biotypes B and J were predominant in each county sampled, however, biotype L was found in three of four counties sampled, especially in Ingham Co. This is the first report of these three biotypes from Michigan. In Ohio, biotypes A and J were prevalent. Biotype J had not been previously reported from ,Ohio. In Illinois, biotypes J and L were the predominant biotypes, and this is the first report of these biotypes in this state. With the occurrence of biotypes J and L in these states, this study re-confirms that an increase in the use of cultivars with specific genes or resistance creates a change in the frequency of each biotype in the field, because the selection pressur  favors individuals that can live on the specific r sistant genes of wh at (Gallun et aI. 1961). The high frequency of biotype L in Indiana and Illinois indicates that an outbreak of the Hessian fly could occur in these areas. The large area with wheat cultivars having the H6 gene for resistance favors the selection for biotyp  L; there­fore, a release of wheat cultivars resis ant to this biotype is needed. LITERATURE CITED Gallun, R. L. 1972. Genetic interrelationships between host plants and insects. J. Environ. Quality 1 :259-265. Gallun, R. L. 1977. Genetics basis of Hessian fly epidemics. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 287:223-229. GalIun, R. L., H. O. Deay, and W. B. Cartwright. 1961. Four races of Hessian fly selected and developed from an Indiana population. Purdue Univ. Agric. Exp. Stn. Res. Bull. No. 732, 7 pp. Hatchett, J. H. 1969. Race E, sixth race of the Hessian fly, Ma etiola destructor, discovered in Georgia wheat fields. Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 62:677-678. Hatchett, J. ., and R. L. Gallun. 1968. Frequency of Hessian fly, Mayetiola destructor, races in field populations. Ann. EntomoI. Soc. Amer. 61:1446-1449. Patterson, F. L., G. E. Shaner, H. W. Ohm, R. E. Finney, R. L. Gallun, J. J. Roberts, and J. E. Foster. 1982a. Registration of Auburn wheat. Crop Sci. 22:161-162. 4The Great Lakes Entomologist, Vol. 23, No. 4 [1990], Art. 7https://scholar.valpo.edu/tgle/vol23/iss4/71990 THE GREAT LAKES ENTOMOLOGIST 221 Patterson, F. L., H. W. Ohm, O. E. Shaner, R. E. Finney, R. L. Oallun, J. J. Roberts, and J. E. Foster. 1982b. Registration of Caldwell wheat. Crop Sci. 22:691-692. Patterson, F. L., H  W. Ohm, O. E. Shaner, R. L. Oallun, J. J. Roberts, and J. E. Foster. 1985. Registration of Fillmore soft red winter wheat. Crop Sci. 25:326. Shaner, O. E., H. W. Ohm, J. E. Foster, F L. Patterson, R. L. Oallun, D. M. Huber, O. C. Buechley, O. O. Safranski, and J. M. Hertel. 1986. Registration of Adder wheat. Crop Sci. 26:201. Sosa, 0., Jr. 1981. Biotypes J and L of the Hessian fly discovered in an Indiana wheat field. J. Econ. Entomol. 74: 180-182. 5Chen et al.: Determination of Frequency and Distribution of Hessian Fly (DiptePublished by ValpoScholar, 1990

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Determination of Frequency and Distribution of Hessian Fly (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) Biotypes in the Northeastern Soft Wheat Region

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