Conversion coatings and their characterisation

Tato práce se zabývá protikorozní ochranou hořčíkové slitiny AZ91 pomocí konverzních povlaků. Byl sledován vliv žíhané struktury na tvorbu a korozní vlastnosti konverzních povlaků. V teoretické části jsou popsány vlastnosti čistého hořčíku a hořčíkové slitiny AZ91, dále je zde popsán vliv jednotlivých legovacích prvků na výsledné vlastnosti této slitiny. Rešeršní část shrnuje výsledky výzkumu konverzních povlaků na slitinách typu AZ v posledních čtyřech letech. Experimentální část je zaměřena na přípravu chromátového a manganistano-fosfátového povlaku na lité slitině AZ91 s následnou aplikací těchto povlaků na slitinu AZ91 po homogenizačním žíhání. Ověření protikorozní ochrany povlaků připravených na lité a žíhané slitině bylo provedeno pomocí potenciodynamických měření a testu v neutrální solné mlze. Byl rovněž sledován vliv nízkoteplotních plazmatu na aktivitu manganistano-fosfátového povlaku.Aim of this study is to improve corrosion resistance of magnesium alloy AZ91 by conversion coatings. Influence of alloy microstructure on conversion coating growth and corrosion resistance was evaluated. Properties of pure magnesium and magnesium alloy AZ91 as well as the influence of alloying elements on properties of this alloy are described in theoretical part. Recent results of corrosion protection by conversion coatings on AZ type magnesium alloys are summarised in recherché part. Practical part focuses on preparation of hexavalent chromium based conversion coating and phosphate-permanganate based conversion coating on as cast AZ91 magnesium alloy, these coatings were subsequently applied on annealed AZ91 magnesium alloy. Corrosion protection of the coatings prepared on as cast and annealed alloy was evaluated by potentiodynamic measurements and testing in neutral salt spray. Furthermore the influence of plasma activation on phosphate-permanganate coating surface was studied.

Magnesium alloys

Tato studie se zabývá korozí a protikorozní ochranou hořčíku a hořčíkových slitin. Teoretická část popisuje vlastnosti hořčíku a jeho slitin. Poukazuje na jejich přednosti i nevýhody a rozebírá na co jsou jednotlivé typy hořčíkových slitin vhodné. Teoretická část se dále zabývá základními charakteristikami koroze a průběhem korozních pochodů. Zabývá se korozní ochranou kovů, jejími druhy a způsoby její použití. V experimentální části jsme se zaměřili na metalografickou analýzu a korozní chování hořčíkové slitiny AZ91. Tato slitina byla metalografickými metodami připravena pro korozní zkoušky. Účelem bylo porovnat korozní rychlost a míru degradace pro čistou slitinu AZ91 a slitinu AZ91 s konverzním povlakem (mangano-fosfátový povlak) v 3,5% roztoku chloridu sodného v časech: 1, 8 a 48 hodin.The study is focused on corrosion and corrosion protection of magnesium and magnesium alloys. The theoretical part describes properties of magnesium and magnesium alloys. It shows their advantages as well as their disadvantages and discusses ideal use for these alloys. The theoretical part analyses basic corrosion characteristics and typical corrosion processes. It deals with types of corrosion protection and ways of its use. The experimental part was focused on metallographic analysis and corrosion behavior of magnesium alloy AZ91. Metallographic methods were used for preparing AZ91 to corrosion tests. The experimental part compared corrosion rate and degradation of pure AZ91 and AZ91 with conversion coating (phosphate-permanganate) in 3,5% sodium chloride solution in times: 1, 8 and 48 hours.

Preparation of magnetic nanoparticles by one step synthesis with morphology of particles changed based on time of reaction and temperature treatment

In present study, nanosized iron oxides particles are synthetised by easy one step precipitation from Mohric salt (NH4)(2)Fe(SO4)(2)center dot 6H(2)O reacting with sodium hydroxide solution in temperature up to 60 degrees C. When changing the time of reaction, the iron oxide particles of different shape are prepared and when drying wet extracted particles at elevated temperature of 60 degrees C the change of 2D shaped morphology is observed. Depending on the time of reaction different ratios of FeOOH and Fe3O4 are obtained in this study. DTA - TGA, XRD, FTIR and SEM are used for the characterisation of particles in this study

Characterization of Powder Metallurgy Processed Pure Magnesium Materials for Biomedical Applications

Magnesium and its alloys are modern lightweight materials applicable in a wide range of industrial fields from aerospace and automotive to biomedical applications. Its main advantages are a good strength to weight ratio and biocompatibility in combination with biodegradability. However, due to the high reactivity of pure Mg and the mechanical properties, not really sufficient for engineering applications, mainly magnesium alloys are used. Good mechanical properties of magnesium and its alloys can be furthermore significantly upgraded by decreasing the grain size, nowadays performed mainly via severe plastic deformation (SPD) techniques, powder metallurgy (PM) processing or by a combination of both method

PEO of AZ31 Mg Alloy: Effect of Electrolyte Phosphate Content and Current Density

In this work, the quality of coatings prepared by plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) on an AZ31 magnesium alloy were evaluated. This was done by studying the effects of the chemical composition of phosphate-based process electrolytes in combination with different applied current densities on coating thickness, porosity, micro-cracking and corrosion resistance in 0.1 M NaCl. Both processing parameters were studied in four different levels. Mid-term corrosion resistance in 0.1 M NaCl was examined by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and based on this, corrosion mechanisms were hypothesized. Results of performed experiments showed that the chosen processing parameters and electrolyte composition significantly influenced the morphology and corrosion performance of the prepared PEO coatings. The PEO coating prepared in an electrolyte with 12 g/L Na3PO4 center dot 12H(2)O and using an applied current density 0.05 A/cm(2) reached the highest value of polarization resistance. This was more than 11 times higher when compared to the uncoated counterpart

Silver Nanoparticles Stabilized with Phosphorus-Containing Heterocyclic Surfactants: Synthesis, Physico-Chemical Properties, and Biological Activity Determination

Phosphorus-containing heterocyclic cationic surfactants alkyldimethylphenylphospholium bromides with the alkyl chain length 14 to 18 carbon atoms were used for the stabilization of silver nanodispersions. Zeta potential of silver nanodispersions ranges from +35 to +70 mV, which indicates the formation of stable silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Long-chain heptadecyl and octadecyl homologs of the surfactants series provided the most intensive stabilizing effect to AgNPs, resulting in high positive zeta potential values and smaller diameter of AgNPs in the range 50-60 nm. A comparison with non-heterocyclic alkyltrimethylphosphonium surfactants of the same alkyl chain length showed better stability and more positive zeta potential values for silver nanodispersions stabilized with heterocyclic phospholium surfactants. Investigations of biological activity of phospholium-capped AgNPs are represented by the studies of antimicrobial activity and cytotoxicity. While cytotoxicity results revealed an increased level of HepG2 cell growth inhibition as compared with the cytotoxicity level of silver-free surfactant solutions, no enhanced antimicrobial action of phospholium-capped AgNPs against microbial pathogens was observed. The comparison of cytotoxicity of AgNPs stabilized with various non-heterocyclic ammonium and phosphonium surfactants shows that AgNPs capped with heterocyclic alkyldimethylphenylphospholium and non-heterocyclic triphenyl-substituted phosphonium surfactants have the highest cytotoxicity among silver nanodispersions stabilized by the series of ammonium and phosphonium surfactants

Effect of Laser Remelting of Fe-Based Thermally Sprayed Coating on AZ91 Magnesium Alloy on Its Structural and Tribological Properties

An Fe-based coating was thermally sprayed onto the surface of AZ91 magnesium alloy via the High-Velocity-Oxygen-Fuel (HVOF) method. The thermally sprayed coating with a thickness of 530 ± 25 µm and a porosity of 0.7 ± 0.1% did not show any macrostructural defects and did not cause any degradation of the AZ91 alloy. Laser remelting of the surface layer of the sprayed coating resulted in the recrystallization of the structure and the disappearance of presented pores, splat boundaries, and other defects. This led to an increase in the hardness of the remelted layer from the original 535 ± 20 HV0.3 up to 625 ± 5 HV0.3. However, during the laser remelting at a laser power of 1000 W, stress cracking in the coating occurred. The tribological properties were evaluated by the ball-on-plate method under dry conditions. Compared to the uncoated AZ91 magnesium alloy, a higher value of friction coefficient (COF) was measured for the as-sprayed coating. However, there was a decrease in wear rate and weight loss. The remelting of the surface layer of the as-sprayed coating led to a further decrease in the wear rate and weight loss. Based on the obtained data, it has been shown that the application of laser-remelted thermally sprayed Fe-based coatings on AZ91 Mg alloy improves hardness and tribological properties compared to bare Mg alloy and as-sprayed Fe-based coatings

Preparation and Characterization of Porous Magnesium Based Materials

V současnosti zkoumané hořčíkové materiály připravované práškovou metalurgií vycházejí ze značně obsáhlého technologického spektra, díky čemu je možné vytvářet širokou škálu materiálů. Tato práce se zaměřuje na přípravu objemových materiálů z hořčíkového prášku metodami lisování za studena a za tepla, slinováním a polem aktivovaným slinováním. Objemové materiály byly připravovány v sérii lisovacích tlaků 100 MPa až 500 MPa a slinovací teploty byly voleny v rozsahu 300 °C až 600 °C s cílem charakterizovat vliv podmínek přípravy a technologie na výsledné vlastnosti připravovaných materiálů. Připravené materiály byly hodnoceny z hlediska mikrostruktury, tvrdosti, mikrotvrdosti, tříbodového ohybu a fraktografie. Objemové materiály byly připraveny pomocí všech testovaných metod, ovšem vlastnosti těchto materiálů se značně lišily v závislosti na použité technologii. Z materiálů lisovaných za tepla měly nejvyšší pevnost a tvrdost ty, které byly připraveny při tlaku 400 a 500 MPa a teplotě 400 °C. Klasické slinování hořčíku v muflové peci a argonové atmosféře se ukázalo jako neefektivní z důvodu oxidické vrstvy na povrchu a přítomnosti kyslíku v technickém argonu. Slinování pomocí technologie SPS (Spark Plasma Sintering – slinování pomocí jiskrového výboje) bylo tím efektivnější, čím nižší byl lisovací tlak použitý na výrobu předlisků a čím vyšší byl aplikovaný tlak během samotného procesu SPS. Nejvyšší pevnosti a tvrdosti dosáhly v tomto případě materiály slinované při teplotě 600 °C připravené z volně sypaného prášku a z nejporéznějšího předlisku (100 MPa).Bulk magnesium materials produced nowadays via powder metallurgy are based on a vastly extensive technological spectrum, which makes it possible to create a wide range of materials. This work focuses on the preparation of bulk materials from magnesium powder by cold pressing and hot pressing, sintering and field assisted sintering. The bulk materials were prepared in a series of compacting pressures from 100 MPa to 500 MPa and the sintering temperatures were selected in the range of 300 ° C to 600 ° C in order to characterize the influence of the manufacturing conditions and technology on the final properties of bulk materials. Prepared materials were evaluated in terms of microstructure, hardness, microhardness, three-point bend test, and fractography. From the hot pressed materials, the samples prepared at 400 and 500 MPa and 400 °C had the highest strength and hardness. The classic sintering of magnesium in the furnace with argon atmosphere proved to be ineffective due to the oxide layer on the surface and the presence of oxygen in technical argon. The SPS sintering (Spark Plasma Sintering) was the more effective with the lower applying pressure used to make the preforms and with the higher applied pressure during the SPS process itself. Highest strength and hardness were achieved in this case of materials sintered at 600 ° C prepared from free powder and the most porous preform (100 MPa). The bulk materials were prepared using all methods used, but the properties of these materials varied considerably depending on the technology used.

Influence of Pb Dosage on Immobilization Characteristics of Different Types of Alkali-Activated Mixtures and Mortars

Alkali-activated matrices are suitable materials for the immobilization of hazardous materials such as heavy metals.. is paper is focused on the comparison of immobilization characteristics of various inorganic composite materials based on blast furnace slag and on the influence of various dosages of the heavy metal Pb on the mechanical properties and fixation ability of prepared matrices. Blast furnace slag (BFS), fly ash, and standard sand were used as raw materials, and sodium water glass was used as an alkaline activator. Pb(NO3)(2) served as a source of heavy metal and was added in various dosages in solid state or as aqueous solution. The immobilization characteristics were determined by leaching tests, and the content of Pb in the eluate was measured by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). The microstructure of matrices and distribution of Pb within the matrix were determined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Increasing the dosage of the heavy metal had negative impacts on the mechanical properties of prepared matrices. The leaching tests confirmed the ability of alkali-activated materials to immobilize heavy metals. With increasing addition of Pb, its content in eluates increased