Kompetencje poliglotyczne Adama Mickiewicza

This article aims to show multi-stage acquisition of linguistic competence by Adam Mickiewicz as a phenomenon of his era. It is also intended to bring closer political relations and cultural traditions of numerous environments, among which the poet stayed during his travels around multiple countries. It will also be important to show the usefulness of subsequent languages that our bard faced as an erudite and genius of the nineteenth century. Mastery of 11 foreign languages, apart from Polish as a mother tongue, including some used only for communication purposes, even at the basic level, can certainly raise admiration, also among posterity. In this respect, therefore, Adam Mickiewicz still appears to be an unsurpassed authority.Straipsnyje siekiama parodyti, kaip Adomas Mickevičius, epochos fenomenas, pamažu įgijo kalbinę kompetenciją. Straipsnio tikslas – pristatyti daugelio socialinių aplinkų, kuriose lankėsi poetas, keliaudamas po daugelį šalių, politinius santykius ir kultūrines tradicijas. Taip pat svarbus dalykas – parodyti vis kitų kalbų, kurias išmoko mūsų dainius, XIX amžiaus eruditas ir genijus, naudingumą. Tai, kad įvaldė vienuolika užsienio kalbų, neskaitant gimtosios lenkų kalbos, ir kai kurias vartojo, kad ir pagrindiniu lygmeniu, tik bendravimo tikslams, tikrai gali kelti susižavėjimą net būsimoms kartoms. Taigi šiuo požiūriu Adomas Mickevičius vis dar atsiskleidžia kaip nepralenkiamas autoritetas

Position Impact of Hydroxy Groups on Spectral, Acid–Base Profiles and DNA Interactions of Several Monohydroxy Flavanones

Structure-related biological activities of flavanones are still considered largely unexplored. Since they exhibit various medicinal activities, it is intriguing to enter deeper into their chemical structures, electronic transitions or interactions with some biomolecules in order to find properties that allow us to better understand their effects. Little information is available on biological activity of flavanone and its monohydroxy derivatives in relation to their physicochemical properties as spectral profiles, existence of protonated/deprotonated species under pH changes or interaction with Calf Thymus DNA. We devoted this work to research demonstrating differences in the physicochemical properties of the four flavanones: flavanone, 2-hydroxyflavanone, 6-hydroxyflavanone and 7-hydroxyflavanone and linking them to their biological activity. Potentiometric titration, UV–Vis spectroscopy were used to investigate influence of pH on acid–base and spectral profiles and to propose the mode of interaction with DNA. Cyclic voltammetry was applied to evaluate antioxidant potentiality and additionally, theoretical DFT(B3LYP) method to disclose electronic structure and properties of the compounds. Molecular geometries, proton affnities and pKa values have been determined. According to computational and cyclic voltammetry results we could predict higher antioxidant activity of 6-hydroxyflavanone with respect to other compounds. The values of Kb intrinsic binding constants of the flavanones indicated weak interactions with DNA. Structure–activity relationships observed for antioxidant activity and DNA interactions suggest that 6-hydroxyflavanone can protect DNA against oxidative damage most effectively than flavanone, 2-hydroxyflavanone or 7-hydroxyflavanone

Widmungsbriefe an Zygmunt II August

Der vorliegende Artikel beinhaltet eine historische Analyse der Zueignungsbriefe von Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski an den polnischen König Sigmund II August. Diese Briefe bilden in Bezug auf ihre einhaltliche Gattung ein gewisses Ganzes. In Fryczs Werk Opera omnia sind sechs an diesen Monarchen gerichtete Briefe enthalten, und sie sind es, auf deren Grundlage dieser Artikel geschrieben wurde. Ihre Thematik ist sehr mannigfaltig und steht in engen Zusammenhang mit dem gesellschaftspolitischen und literarischen Wirken Modrzewskis. Inhaltlich berühren sie die religiöse Problematik, z. B.die Einberufung eines allgemeinen Konzils in Trient, eines nationalen Konzils in der Adelsrepublik, die Reform der Kirche sowie die Aussöhnung der Katholiken mit den Andersgläubigen. Diese Briefe bilden eine Ergänzung und Bestätigung der These von den ausserordentlich weitreichenden und vielfältigen Interessen Modrzewskis, seinem Wirken, seinem Talent und umfangreichem Wissen. Fryczs Korrespondenz ermöglicht uns eine Annährung an die Silhouette des Autors selbst sowie des Adressaten der Briefe auf dem Hintergrund der gesellschaftspolitischen Ereignisse im Leben der Renaissancegesellschaft

Application and properties of selected flavanones

Flavanones, secondary plant metabolites, are one of the main group of flavanoids. They are widely spread in nature in many plants. The large diversity of structural structure of flavanones and controlled methods of modifying their molecules have a huge impact on biological activity. The present review will summarize the current knowledge about occurrence, obtaining by chemical synthesis, application and bioactivity of flavanones. Also, they are received from specific chemical synthesis. Flavanones have a great biological activity. Derivatives of flavanone have many different properties such as anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antioxidant, antimicrobial or hepatoprotective activities. These natural polyphenolic compounds are used in cosmetology, pharmacy and medicine. The demand and usage on them increases

Structural and Spectral Investigation of a Series of Flavanone Derivatives

Four flavanone Schiff bases (E)-1-(2-phenylchroman-4-ylidene)thiosemicarbazide (FTSC) (1), N′,2-bis((E)-2-phenylchroman-4-ylidene)hydrazine-1-carbothiohydrazide (FTCH) (2), (E)-N’-(2-phenylchroman-4-ylidene)benzohydrazide (FHSB) (3) and (E)-N′-(2-phenylchroman-4-ylidene)isonicotinohydrazide (FIN) (4) were synthesized and evaluated for their electronic and physicochemical properties using experimental and theoretical methods. One of them, (2), consists of two flavanone moieties and one substituent, the rest of the compounds (1, 3, 4) comprises of a flavanone-substituent system in relation to 1:1. To uncover the structural and electronic properties of flavanone Schiff bases, computational simulations and absorption spectroscopy were applied. Additionally, binding efficiencies of the studied compounds to serum albumins were evaluated using fluorescence spectroscopy. Spectral profiles of flavanone Schiff bases showed differences related to the presence of substituent groups in system B of the Schiff base molecules. Based on the theoretically predicted chemical descriptors, FTSC is the most chemically reactive among the studied compounds. Binding regions within human and bovine serum albumins of the ligands studied are in the vicinity of the Trp residue and a static mechanism dominates in fluorescence quenching

Position Impact of Hydroxy Groups on Spectral, Acid–Base Profiles and DNA Interactions of Several Monohydroxy Flavanones

Structure-related biological activities of flavanones are still considered largely unexplored. Since they exhibit various medicinal activities, it is intriguing to enter deeper into their chemical structures, electronic transitions or interactions with some biomolecules in order to find properties that allow us to better understand their effects. Little information is available on biological activity of flavanone and its monohydroxy derivatives in relation to their physicochemical properties as spectral profiles, existence of protonated/deprotonated species under pH changes or interaction with Calf Thymus DNA. We devoted this work to research demonstrating differences in the physicochemical properties of the four flavanones: flavanone, 2′-hydroxyflavanone, 6-hydroxyflavanone and 7-hydroxyflavanone and linking them to their biological activity. Potentiometric titration, UV–Vis spectroscopy were used to investigate influence of pH on acid–base and spectral profiles and to propose the mode of interaction with DNA. Cyclic voltammetry was applied to evaluate antioxidant potentiality and additionally, theoretical DFT(B3LYP) method to disclose electronic structure and properties of the compounds. Molecular geometries, proton affinities and pKa values have been determined. According to computational and cyclic voltammetry results we could predict higher antioxidant activity of 6-hydroxyflavanone with respect to other compounds. The values of Kb intrinsic binding constants of the flavanones indicated weak interactions with DNA. Structure–activity relationships observed for antioxidant activity and DNA interactions suggest that 6-hydroxyflavanone can protect DNA against oxidative damage most effectively than flavanone, 2′-hydroxyflavanone or 7-hydroxyflavanone