Sobre el nacimiento de la alquimia: origen y desarrollo en el Egipto grecorromano

La alquimia es un arte o una ciencia, según se prefiera, que se desarrolla durante más de dieciséis siglos a lo largo de la historia en diferentes culturas y ámbitos geográficos. En función de ello, podemos hablar no de una, sino de varias alquimias existentes en el tiempo que, en ocasiones, incluso llegaron a darse de forma simultánea. En consecuencia, no sería correcto en su conceptualización equiparar la alquimia occidental en rasgos, fundamentos y objetivos a la alquimia china o a la alquimia hindú, pero tampoco la alquimia occidental antigua a la medieval o a la moderna. Cuestión diferente es la concerniente a determinar el origen de la disciplina que, al menos en lo referente a la alquimia occidental, a pesar de las distintas voces que se han presentado en contra, todo indica que se situaría en la ciudad egipcia de Alejandría durante los primeros siglos de nuestra era. <br /

La salud mental desde el activismo feminista en Concepción Una mirada desde la Terapia Ocupacional

Tesis (Terapeuta Ocupacional)En el presente Seminario de Título se dará a conocer cómo se relaciona la salud mental con el activismo feminista en la Ciudad de Concepción, en donde es fundamental comenzar conociendo la historia y construcción socio-cultural de la mujer en nuestro país, determinando las motivaciones y factores que han llevado a la conformación de movimientos sociales feministas, que desde sus inicios han trabajado en favor del reconocimiento de la mujer como una actora social importante y activa. Esto, dando a conocer y a considerar la historia de la conformación de las posiciones sociales que ha tenido hasta el día de hoy la mujer dentro de nuestra cultura, las cuales se encuentran determinadas por la interseccionalidad que vivencia cada una de éstas. Así también, se hace alusión a las necesidades actuales que ha llevado a que el movimiento feminista se fortalezca y luche por objetivos comunes. Por otro lado, cabe mencionar que la información recopilada para la elaboración de esta investigación se extrae principalmente de 5 sujetas feministas habitantes de la Ciudad de Concepción a las cuales se les aplica entrevistas semi estructuradas, sumado a esto se realiza un levantamiento de información previo con un colectivo llamado “Autogestión Libremente” el cual posee un eslogan de “no es lo mismo ser loca que loco”, conformado por mujeres feministas, anti patriarcales y anti psiquiatría, oriundas de la Región Metropolitana, además de una feminista parte de “Shakti”, una agrupación conformada en Concepción, que nos permite indagar en las categorías generando un análisis en profundidad de los planteamientos teóricos y prácticos. La metodología ocupada para la elaboración de esta investigación es cualitativa, ya que proporciona profundidad a los datos, dispersión, riqueza interpretativa, contextualización del ambiente o entorno, detalles y experiencias únicas, en donde el análisis de la información entregada se realizó a través de las categorías y subcategorías de análisis con el fin de ser interpretadas junto a vii los planteamientos teóricos en un análisis más exhaustivo de los objetivos específicos planteados dentro de la investigación. Para finalizar, en la presente investigación se realiza un análisis de lo relatado y compartido por cada una de las mujeres feministas en relación a las praxis ocupacionales que éstas poseen relacionadas con la salud mental de la mujer Chilena en la actualidad, enfatizando en aspectos fundamentales de la disciplina de la Terapia Ocupacional como Justicia ocupacional y ocupación, en donde los discursos arrojan información fundamental para generar un análisis en cuanto a dichos conceptos que son llevados de manera implícita dentro de la cotidianidad de las sujetas entrevistadas.In the present seminar will be announced how mental health relates to feminist activism in the city of Concepción, where it is essential to begin knowing the history and socio-cultural construction of women in our country, determining the motivations and factors that have led to the shaping of feminist social movements, which since its inception have worked in favor of the recognition of women as an important and active social act. This, giving to know and to consider the history of the conformation of the social positions that has had until today the woman within our culture, which are determined by the intersectional one that experiences each one of these. It also refers to the current needs that have led the feminist movement to strengthen and fight for common goals. On the other hand, it is worth mentioning that the information compiled for the elaboration of this investigation is extracted mainly from 5 subjects feminist inhabitants of the city of conception to which they are applied semi structured interviews, added to this is done a preliminary information gathering with a collective of name "is not the same be Crazy man that Crazy women", formed by women feminists, anti patriarchal and anti Psychiatry, natives of the region Metropolitan, in addition to a feminist part of Shakti, a group formed in Concepción, which allows us to investigate in the categories generating an indepth analysis of the theoretical and practical approaches. The methodology occupied for the elaboration of this research is qualitative because it provides depth to the data, dispersion, richness interpretative, contextualisation of the environment or environment, details and unique experiences, where the analysis of the Information delivered was carried out through the categories and subcategories of analysis in order to be interpreted together with the theoretical approaches in a more exhaustive analysis of the specific objectives posed within the research. In conclusion, in this research, an analysis is carried out of what is reported and shared by each of the feminist women in relation to the occupational praxis that they have related to the mental health of Chilean women today, emphasizing fundamental aspects of the discipline of occupational therapy as occupational justice and occupation, where speeches shed fundamental information to generate an analysis of these concepts that are implicitly carried Within the daily life of the subjects interviewed

Dolor agudo posoperatorio en el anciano

Entre los principales objetivos del anestesiólogo se encuentra mantener la homeostasis del organismo, no solo durante el desarrollo del acto quirúrgico, sino también en el período posoperatorio. Existe gran evidencia de la morbilidad posquirúrgica consecuente a las alteraciones metabólicas producidas por el dolor, entre las cuales se encuentran la prolongación del tiempo de recuperación, la rehabilitación e integración de los pacientes a sus labores habituales. El dolor posoperatorio, llamado el quinto signo vital, es usualmente severo e incapacitante; además, sigue siendo infravalorado y tratado de forma insuficiente, por estar influenciado por diversos factores, entre los que se encuentran: la dificultad en su valoración y el miedo a las medicaciones (causa más común de efectos adversos e interacciones), lo cual es más complicado en los ancianos. Esta revisión tiene como propósito abordar esta problemática en dichos pacientes

Enhancement of antistaphylococcal activities of six antimicrobials against sasG-negative methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus: an in vitro biofilm model

AbstractThis study was designed to evaluate antimicrobial activities against methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus in both sessile and planktonic forms and to detect genes associated with this biofilm phenotype. Minimal biofilm inhibition and eradication concentrations (MBIC and MBEC, respectively) were determined by an in vitro biofilm model, and icaA, atlA, and sasG genes were detected by polymerase chain reaction. Vancomycin and tigecycline presented better biofilm inhibitory activity (MBIC range: 4–8 μg/mL) (P ≤ 0.05) and lower MBEC/MIC ratios (P ≤ 0.001) than other antimicrobials. All isolates harbored icaA and atlA, whereas sasG was present only in strong biofilm formers (P ≤ 0.05). Interestingly, antimicrobial activities against sasG− weak biofilm formers were significantly higher than those against sasG+ strong biofilm formers (P ≤ 0.05), demonstrating that number of cells in a biofilm matrix affected the antimicrobial activity, which was also variable, and might be associated with specific genetic determinants. To our knowledge, this was the first study reporting the presence of sasG in clinical isolates of S. aureus in South America

Psychometric properties of Drinking Motives Questionnaire-Revised (DMQ-R) in Spanish adolescentes

The Drinking Motives Questionnaire-Revised (DMQ-R; Cooper, 1994) is the most widely used questionnaire to assess drinking motives. This research aimed to adapt and study the validity and reliability of the Spanish DMQ-R and its short form in a sample of adolescents. We assessed 504 drinkers at Time 1 (T1, Mage = 14.15, SD = 0.60, 52.38% female), of whom 238 participated in a 1-year follow-up (T2, Mage = 15.05, SD = 0.54, 58.82% female). They completed the DMQ-R at T1, the alcohol use measure at T1 and T2, and the alcohol-related problems questionnaire at T2. We performed Confirmatory Factor Analyses (CFAs) to test the structure validity of the questionnaire, Cronbach's alphas to test the internal consistencies of the scales, and path analyses to test the concurrent and predictive validity of motives on alcohol outcomes. CFA indicated that the short form of the 4-factor model best fitted the data. Cronbach's alphas were .70 or higher. Direct effects of the path analysis showed that social motives cross-sectionally predicted alcohol use, while coping motives prospectively predicted alcohol-related problems. Indirect effects showed that social motives prospectively predicted alcohol use and problems. To conclude, the DMQ-R short form appears to be reliable and valid to assess drinking motives among Spanish adolescents

Psychosis-inducing effects of cannabis are related to both childhood abuse and COMT genotypes.

Evidence suggests that childhood trauma and cannabis use sinergistically impact on psychosis risk, although a non-replication of this environment-environment interaction was recently published. Gene-environment interaction mechanisms may partially account for this discrepancy. The aim of the current study was to test whether the association between childhood abuse, cannabis use and psychotic experiences (PEs) was moderated by the COMT gene. PEs, childhood abuse, cannabis use and COMT Val158Met genotypes were assessed in 533 individuals from the general population. Childhood abuse was shown to have a significant main effect on PEs (B=.08; SE=.04; p=.047). Furthermore, a significant three-way interaction among childhood abuse, cannabis use and the COMT gene was found (B=-.23; SE=.11; p=.006). This indicates that COMT genotypes and cannabis use only influenced PE scores among individuals exposed to childhood abuse. Exposure to childhood abuse and cannabis use increased PE scores in Val carriers. However, in individuals exposed to childhood abuse but who do not use cannabis, PEs increased as a function of the Met allele copies of the COMT gene. Our findings suggest that the psychosis-inducing effects of childhood abuse and cannabis use are moderated by the Val158Met polymorphism of the COMT gene, which supports a gene-environment-environment interaction. Cannabis use after exposure to childhood abuse may have opposite effects on the risk of PEs, depending on the COMT genotypes. Val carriers are vulnerable to the psychosis-inducing effects of cannabis

Early adversity and 5-HTT-BDNF genes: New evidences of Gene-Environment interactions on depressive symptoms in a general population

Background Adverse childhood experiences have been described as one of the major environmental risk factors for depressive disorder. Similarly, the deleterious impact of early traumatic experiences on depression seems to be moderated by individual genetic variability. Serotonin transporter (5-HTT) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) modulate the effect of childhood adversity on adult depression, although inconsistencies across studies have been found. Moreover, the gene×environment (G×E) interaction concerning the different types of childhood adversity remains poorly understood. The aim of this study was to analyse the putative interaction between the 5-HTT gene (5-HTTLPR polymorphism), the BDNF gene (Val66Met polymorphism) and childhood adversity in accounting for adult depressive symptoms. Method A sample of 534 healthy individuals filled in self-report questionnaires of depressive symptomatology [the Symptom Check List 90 Revised (SCL-90-R)] and different types of childhood adversities [the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ)]. The 5-HTTLPR polymorphism (5-HTT gene) and the Val66Met polymorphism (BDNF gene) were genotyped in the whole sample. Results Total childhood adversity (β=0.27, p<0.001), childhood sexual abuse (CSA; β=0.17, p<0.001), childhood emotional abuse (β=0.27, p<0.001) and childhood emotional neglect (β=0.22, p<0.001) had an impact on adult depressive symptoms. CSA had a greater impact on depressive symptoms in Met allele carriers of the BDNF gene than in the Val/Val group (F=5.87, p<0.0001), and in S carriers of the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism (5-HTT gene) (F=5.80, p<0.0001). Conclusions Childhood adversity per se predicted higher levels of adult depressive symptoms. In addition, BDNF Val66Met and 5-HTTLPR polymorphisms seemed to moderate the effect of CSA on adult depressive symptoms