The effect if extraction time and sample ratio on the process of extracting active substances from Hawthorn (Crataegus Monogyna) using ultrasound

Ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) is one of the modern method that is applied today with the aim to decrease solvent consumption, shorten the extraction time, increase the extraction yield, and enhance the quality of extracts. In this paper, the effect of extraction time and the ratio of the sample to the solvent have been studied on the ultrasonic extraction of hawthorn fruits. The hawthorn fruit was collected from Normafa, Hungary. 10% ethanol and pure distilled water were used as extraction solvent. Folin-Ciocalteu method was performed to visualization of total phenolic compounds (TPC) and the ferric reduction antioxidant power (FRAP) method to quantify antioxidant activity in the extracts. Analyzing the results by two-way-ANOVA at significant level p < 0.05 by using SPSS software demonstrated that there is significant effect of time of extraction and the ratio of the sample to solvent. For TPC the best value was obtained at (9 min, 0.05 g/ml sample-solvent ratio) with a mean (451.106 ± 0.79 mg/L) by using 10% ethanol, and at (3 min, 0.075 g/ml sample-solvent ratio) with a mean (365.289 ± 15.96 mg/L) by using distilled water. While the best antioxidant activity was with a mean (223.033 ± 1.01 mg/L) at (9 min, 0.075 g/ml sample-solvent ratio) and (50.678 ± 2.02 mg/L) at (6 min, 0.1 g/ml sample-solvent ratio) by using the 10% ethanol and distilled water respectively. More work is needed to define better conditions for using the distilled water as a solvent in the ultrasonic extraction

Evaluation of Reverse Osmosis Membranes in Concentration of Beetroot Peel Extract

Recovery of valuable products from organic wastes with conventional extraction method plus modern separation technology is becoming popular in solid waste management. The major attention of this project was to test the efficiencies of two different types of reverse osmosis membranes (RO99 and X20) on juice concentration extracted from peel of beetroot which is "waste". The&nbsp;extractions of beetroot peel were completed using water and ethanol-water (15 v/v%) solvents at 22 °C for 60 minutes. The&nbsp;applied transmembrane pressure, temperature, and recirculation flow rate of membrane separation process were 40 bars, 30&nbsp;°C, and 400 L/h, respectively. Quantifications of valuable compounds were detected using spectrophotometer. The permeate flux profiles were investigated and lower permeate flux was experienced with RO99 compared to X20 in both methods. Additionally, from the aspect of efficiency, RO99 outstripped X20 membrane on concentration of some compounds such as betalains, and phenolic components. Betaxanthin, betacyanin, antioxidant and TPC contents in final retentates of RO99 membrane concentration were as follow: 292.47±1.93 mg/L, 499.03±1.3 mg/L, 1133.15±25.74 mg/L,1243.96±106.56 mg/L (water solvent) and 337.26±4.31 mg/L, 585.2±5.83&nbsp;mg/L, 698.55±22.53&nbsp;mg/L, 1268.87±48.69 mg/L (ethanol-water solvent), respectively. From this experiment, expectation can be made that membrane technology can widen its applications in food and pharmaceutical industries

The Application of Membrane Technology in the Concentration and Purification of Plant Extracts: A Review

The obtained plants and by-products during food and agricultural manufacturing processes are sources for many bioactive components that attract industrial and academic interest. The essential method of obtaining these bioactive components is the extraction process by using solvents. The efficiency of the extraction processes mainly depends on the choice and selectivity of these solvents. However, the most challenging step is recovering the components from the solvent to obtain the active part and pure products. In this recovery process, many methods were applied, such as evaporation and adding assistant chemicals, which had many downsides as energy consumption and unwanted product. Consequently, membrane technology such as microfiltration (MF), ultrafiltration (UF), nanofiltration (NF), membrane distillation (MD), and osmosis distillation (OD) has been applied as a new approach in concentrating plants extract. Since this new approach has proved its efficiency in this field, the main objective of this paper is to provide a review of academic studies that have addressed using different membrane techniques to concentrate the plant extracts

Separation of valuable endogenous components from carrot peel by microwave extraction

With the rapid development of food technology, the amount of by-products generated is proportionally increasing as well. If not reused, by-products can pose a serious problem to our environment. In addition to managing and reusing such by-products, they may be valorised by extraction of valuable endogenous components using a less sophisticated, plain but modern technology such as microwave-assisted extraction. This new technique has been gaining popularity in recent years because compared to conventional methods, microwave-assisted extraction is characterised by shorter extraction times and lower solvent requirements. This preliminary experiment aimed to demonstrate that with the right operating parameters and solvent ratio, this method can be used for the efficient extraction of valuable endogenous components from carrot peels. To quantify the endogenous components, polyphenol content (TPC), antioxidant capacity (FRAP) and carotenoid content were investigated. The findings of this study showed that the optimal valuable substance extraction was obtained at 1:10 peelsolvent ratio at 100 W microwave power for fresh carrot peels, and 1:20 peel-solvent ratio at 800 W microwave power for dried carrot peels

Effects of enzyme treatment of the microfiltration of elderberry

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of microfiltration (MF) on the antioxidant capacity of elderberry juice using ceramic membrane. Previous to MF measurements preliminary examination was achieved with different enzymes. Four different samples were prepared: one without any enzyme and three with different pectolytic enzymes. The resistances were determined using the resistance-in-series model and difference between four enzyme-treated samples are evaluated. The effect of this technology on the antioxidant component of the clarified elderberry juice has been evaluated in permeate and retentate samples. For ferric reducing antioxidant power was measured with FRAP and total phenolic content (TPC) was determined with Folin Ciocalteau reagent. The total anthocyanin content (TAC) was estimated using spectrophotometric method. Higher juice yield was obtained using enzyme compared with enzyme-free elderberry pulp. The analytical results show that the MF membrane retained the valuable components in different rate. Significant losses are believed to have occurred after the MF clarification process due to fouling layer resistance, what can be decreased with pectolytic enzymes treatment

Effects of Enzyme Treatment on the Microfiltration of Elderberry

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of microfiltration (MF) on the antioxidant capacity of elderberry juice using ceramic membrane. Previous to MF measurements preliminary examination was achieved with different enzymes. Four different samples were prepared: one without any enzyme and three with different pectolytic enzymes. The resistances were determined using the resistance-in-series model and difference between four enzyme-treated samples are evaluated. The effect of this technology on the antioxidant component of the clarified elderberry juice has been evaluated in permeate and retentate samples. For ferric reducing antioxidant power was measured with FRAP and total phenolic content (TPC) was determined with Folin Ciocalteau reagent. The total anthocyanin content (TAC) was estimated using spectrophotometric method.&nbsp;Higher juice yield was obtained using enzyme compared with enzyme-free elderberry pulp. The analytical results show that the MF membrane retained the valuable components in different rate. Significant losses are believed to have occurred after the MF clarification process due to fouling layer resistance, what can be decreased with pectolytic enzymes treatment