Minimizing End-to-End Delay and Maximizing Reliability using Multilayer Neural Network-based Hamming Back Propagation for Efficient Communication in WSN

Wireless sensor network (WSN) comprises number of spatially distributed sensor nodes for monitoring the physical environment conditions and arranging the gathered data at central location. WSN gained large attention in medical field, industry, military, etc. However, congestion control mechanism for communication between sensor nodes failed to consider the end-to-end delay features. In addition, it failed to handle reliability and not achieved the data concurrency. In order to address the above mentioned problems, Multilayer Neural Network-based Hamming Back Propagation (MNN-HBP) technique is introduced for efficient communication in WSN. In MNN-HBP technique, Amorphous View Point Algorithm is introduced for sensor node initialization for efficient communication in WSN. Amorphous View Point Algorithm used time of arrival to measure the time distance between the sender node and receiver node. After that Hamming Back Propagation Algorithm is used to identify the current location of the sensor nodes for minimizing the end-to end delay and improving the reliability. Each sensor node compares their distance with the neighbouring sensor nodes distance to identify the associated error. When the distance is higher, the associated error is higher and propagates error back to other sensor nodes in the previous layers. The process gets repeated until the communication established between source sensor and lower associated error nodes. By this way, efficient communication is carried out with higher reliability and minimum end-to end delay. Extensive simulation are conducted to illustrate the efficiency of proposed technique as well as the impacts of network parameters on end-to-end delay, reliability and data packets successful rate with respect to data packet size and number of data packets

Mining the Web Data for Classifying and Predicting Users’ Requests

Consumers are the most important asset of any organization. The commercial activity of an organization booms with the presence of a loyal customer who is visibly content with the product and services being offered. In a dynamic market, understanding variations in client’s behavior can help executives establish operative promotional campaigns. A good number of new consumers are frequently picked up by traders during promotions. Though, several of these engrossed consumers are one-time deal seekers, the promotions undeniably leave a positive impact on sales. It is crucial for traders to identify who can be converted to loyal consumer and then have them patronize products and services to reduce the promotion cost and increase the return on investments. This study integrates a classifier that allows prediction of the type of purchase that a customer would make, as well as the number of visits that he/she would make during a year. The proposed model also creates outlines of users and brands or items used by them. These outlines may not be useful only for this particular prediction task, but could also be used for other important tasks in e-commerce, such as client segmentation, product recommendation and client base growth for brands

Formulation and Evaluation of Mouth Dissolving Tablets of Salbutamol Sulphate Using Various Superdisintegrants

The present was study to formulate the mouth dissolving tablets using super disintegrants and evaluating for its characteristics. To enhance the solubility of salbutamal sulphate by using superdisintegrants in the oral cavity. and to develop mouth dissolving drug delivery system and enhance the patient compliance.Asthma is defined as chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways in which many cells a mast cells, esinofils, T-lymphocytes, macrophage, neutrophils and epithelial cells and other cellular elements play role in susceptible individual recurrent episodes of wheezing breathless chest fight and coughing. Anti asthmatics are typically corticosteroids, leuckotriene cormones, antihistamines, beta two agonist theopylline. Salbutamol sulphate is B2 adrenergic agonist that stimulator receptors of smooth muscles in the lungs. Salbutamol is believed to work by adenylate cyclase, the enzyme responsible for generating cyclic Amp an intracellular mediator. Increased cylase Amp lead to activating of intra cellular ionized cyclic Amp prokinase A which inhibits phosphorylation of myosin and lowers the intracellular ionic calcium concentration, resulting in relaxation of bronchial and tracheal smooth muscles, which in turn relieves branchospasm, reducer airway resistance, facilitates mucous drainage and increases vital capacity

Design and Development of Pulsatile Drug Delivery System for Anti-diabetic Drug

Pulsatile drug delivery system are recently introduced system to deliver the drugs at the specific site of action at the right time and in the required concentration, which are designed according to the circadian rhythm of the body and it is most suitable, convenient, safe, economic and highly efficient method to deliver the drug. Miglitol is a drug commonly used in the management of Type 2 diabetes mellitus which belongs to the category of alpha-glucosidase enzyme inhibitor. Miglitol delay the absorption of carbohydrates from the gastrointestinal tract, thereby limiting postmeal plasma glucose excursions. As the chronological behavior of diabetes mellitus confirms increased blood glucose level after meal (postmeal hyperglycaemia) which is associated with increased risk of retinopathy, carotid intima-media thickness (IMT), oxidative stress, inflammation and endothelial dysfunction, decreased myocardial blood volume and myocardial blood flow, increased risk of cancer, impaired cognitive function in elderly people with Type 2 diabetes. The biological half life of Miglitol is 2 hrs. Hence, by conventional dosage form it needs to be administered three times a day. These conditions demand the development of pulsatile drug delivery system for Miglitol to prevent the complications caused by postmeal hyperglycemia by delivering the drug Miglitol immediately after a meal. The development of pulsatile drug delivery systems for the anti diabetic drug Miglitol encompasses three pulses of drug in a unit dosage forms. Thus the main aim and objective of this work is to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of Miglitol by timed release, minimize complications due to postmeal hyperglycemia, reduce dosing frequency and achieve better patient compliance. To achieve the above goals two pulsatile drug delivery systems are designed: 1. Pulsincaps, 2. Press coated tablets. The prepared dosage forms were optimized and evaluated in vitro and in vivo. The preformulation studies were carried out for the drug and excipients to develop thefinal formulation. Drug excipient compatibility studies suggested that there was no interaction between Miglitol and other excipients used in the formulation of Miglitol pulsincaps and press coated tablets. Miglitol pulsincaps were formulated using, body of the capsules with modified solubility; Miglitol immediate release tablets and hydrogel plug of various hydrophilic polymers in different concentrations. The results of the in vitro release studies showed that the formulation MPC9 was found to ideal for pulsatile release. The maximum in vitro drug release of 99.76% (first pulse), 99.81% (Second pulse), 99.92% (Third Pulse) and the desirable lag time 4 hours was obtained for the Miglitol pulsincaps prepared with 60 mg of HPMCK4 M as hydrogel plug (MPC9). Miglitol press coated tablets (MPT1-MPT24) were prepared with varying proportions of hydrophilic polymers (HPMC and L-HPC) and hydrophobic polymers (Glyceryl behenate and Ethylcellulose) alone and in combinations as barrier layer to achieve desired lag time. The ideal concentrations of hydrophilic and hydrophobic polymers were selected based on the results of the in vitro drug release studies and lag time. The in vitro dissolution study results showed the maximum drug release (99.85% for first pulse, 99.43% for second pulse and 99.76% for third pulse) with a lag time of 4hrs for the Miglitol press coated tablets prepared using glyceryl behenate 25 mg and L-HPC175 mg (MPT24) as barrier layer. The selected formulations of Miglitol pulsincaps and press coated tablets (MPC9 and MPT24) were subjected for pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies using male albino rabbits. Pharmacokinetic changes in all the formulations analyzed were almost similar as standard marketed drug. All the parameters altered in both the formulations treated groups were found to be within biological limits. No major changes were observed when compared to standard formulations. Hence it can be summarized that the pharmacokinetic changes among the tested groups were comparable with that of standard pure and standard marketed formulations. No remarkable deviations have been identified in both kinetic and dynamic parameters in the animal models used in this present investigation. The results of these studies revealed that the in vivo release of Miglitol pulsincap and press coated formulations correlated with release pattern of standard marketed Miglitol tablets. The extended Tmax, and Cmax confirms the delayed release of formulation. The optimized formulation of Miglitol pulsincap (MPC9) and press coated tablets (MPT24) were subjected to stability studies as per ICH guidelines. No significant changes in the physical and chemical characteristics were observed during the stability studies of Miglitol pulsincap (MPC9) and Miglitol press coated tablets (MPT24). The optimized Miglitol pulsincaps(MPC9) and Miglitol press coated tablets were evaluated for its in vitro drug release profile and compared with the in vitro drug release profile of marketed conventional Miglitol tablets. Studies of in vitro drug release of Miglitol pulsincaps (MPC9) exhibited the maximum drug release 99.77±0.09% for first pulse, 99.82±0.19% for Second pulse and 99.91±0.11% for third Pulse. The lag time after each drug release was found to be 4hrs.The in vitro dissolution study of Miglitol press coated tablets (MPT24) exhibited the maximum drug release 99.84± 0.07% for first pulse, 99.42± 0.34 % for second pulse and 99.74± 0.16 % for third pulse with the lag time of 4hrs after each drug release. The in vitro drug release for the Miglitol marketed conventional tablets were carried out in buffer solution pH1.2. The cumulative percentage drug release at different time intervals such as 15, 30, 45, 60, 90 and 120 mts were 38.55±0.18, 68.97±0.25, 89.76±0.19, 97.85±0.55, 99.17±0.27 and 99.20±0,46 respectively. CONCLUSION The present study was made to develop the pulsatile drug delivery of Miglitol. Pulsincap and press coated tablets for the timed release of Miglitol were formulated and evaluated. Miglitol pulsincap prepared with different concentrations of hydrogel plug of gelatin, HPMC K4M and sodium alginate were optimized by conducting various trials. Press coated tablets of Miglitol were prepared with different ratios of glyceryl behenate, ethyl cellulose, HPMC and L-HPC that were optimized. The optimization procedure aided in the preparation of pulsincap and press coated tablets of Miglitol with lag time up to 4 hrs. The in vitro dissolution studies revealed that the formulated pulsincap and press coated tablets of Miglitol released the desired concentration of the drug at pre-determined time points. The animal studies confirmed that the pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic parameters of Miglitol press coated tablets and pulsincap formulations were comparable to standard Miglitol marketed tablets. The stability studies on the selected formulation of Miglitol pulsincap and press coated tablets were found to be stable. Comparative studies on in vitro drug release profile of Miglitol pulsincap and press coated tablets were found to have three pulses of drug release with desirable lag time when compared to the marketed conventional Miglitol tablets which contains only single dose of drug. Hence it may be concluded that the newly formulated pulsatile drug delivery systems of Miglitol produce effective control of the increased blood glucose level after intake of meals by allowing the drug to release after a lag time (after meals)

Formulation and Evaluation of Pregabalin Loaded Eudragit S100 Nanoparticles

In this work, polymeric nanoparticles containing Pregabalin was prepared and optimized the ideal concentration of polymer based on its in vitro release profile for a period of 24hrs.The nanoparticles were prepared by solvent displacement method using various concentrations of Eudragit S100 (EPNP1-EPNP5). The prepared nanoparticles were characterized for its particle size, zeta potential, drug content, entrapment efficiency and invitro drug release profile. The preformulation study results confirmed the compatibility between the drug and other excipients used in the formulation. The optimized formulation was selected based on its particle size, entrapment efficiency and in vitro drug release profile. The formulation which contains 300mg of Eudragit S100 (EPNP5) was selected as optimized concentration for the controlled release of Pregabalin for a period of 24hrs

A Magneto-convection Over a Semi -infinite Porous Plate with Heat Generation

Convective flow through porous media is a branch of research undergoing rapid growth in fluid mechanics and heat transfer. This is quite natural because of its important applications in environmental, geophysical and energy related engineering problems. Prominent applications are the utilization of geothermal energy, the control of pollutant spread in ground water, the design of nuclear reactors, solar power collectors and the heat transfer associated with the deep storage of nuclear waste. The study of heat generation in moving fluids is important in problems dealing with chemical reactions and those concerned with dissociating fluids. Heat generation effects may alter the temperature distribution and this in turn can affect the particle deposition rate in nuclear reactors, electronic chips and semi conductor wafers. Although exact modeling of internal heat generation is quite difficult, some simple mathematical models can be used to express its general behaviour for most physical situations. The objective of this work is to investigate the effects of internal heat generation on an unsteady two-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic free convection flow of a viscous, incompressible fluid free convection flow past a semi-infinite vertical porous plate embedded in a porous medium, in the presence of variable suction. The equations of continuity, linear momentum and energy, which govern the flow field, are transformed to a system of ordinary differential equations by perturbation technique. The resulting equations are solved analytically to obtain the solutions for the velocity and temperature fields. The behavior of the velocity, temperature, skin-friction and Nusselt number have been discussed for variations in the physical parameters

Desmoplastic malignant melanoma of alveolus – A rare entity

SummaryDesmoplastic malignant melanoma (DMM) is a distinctive variant of malignant melanoma. DMM involving the oral mucosa is very rare and to our knowledge, there are only 16 cases reported in the English literature. This is a case report of DMM in a 32-year-old male patient involving the maxillary alveolus

MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASES 2 AND 9 IN AVOCATION OF MULTITUDINAL COMPLICATIONS IN EXPLICITLY TO CARCINOMA: REVIEW

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a large group of calcium-dependent zinc containing endopeptidases which are mainly concerned with the remodeling of tissue along with degradation of the extracellular matrix. At the present scenario, there is knowledge of about 26 MMPs which are found to be highly regulated by the growth hormones, cytokines, etc., present within the body. At times of normal homeostasis, their levels within the body are low, and their number usually increases at times of pathological conditions. Its generation is known to occur from the pro-inflammatory cells and connective tissues. They may even lead to the process of apoptosis by its interactions with surface receptors. In the clinical trials sectors, various MMPs along with their inhibitors are examined to import the properties of being a high biomarker in the cancer diagnosis, antiangiogenic agents, various other disorders such as chronic allograft nephropathy, diabetic nephropathy, cardiovascular diseases, neuropathic pain, wound healing, angiogenesis processes, immune response, corneal ulceration, embryonic development, and nervous system disorders. As a result, enormous number of studies on this particular enzyme in the marking of cancer and their elevation in the above-mentioned diseases has to be carried out so that it would remain as a useful tool in their diagnosis. The present work is designed to emphasize the concise review of MMPs, in particularly MMP-2 and MMP-9 along with their variant roles, keeping in mind, that it would be advantageous for the researchers to bring out more promising results and to intensify diagnosis of various infirmities, especially in cancer.Keywords: Matrix metalloproteinase-2, Matrix metalloproteinase-9, Biomarker, Matrix metalloproteinases, Carcinoma, Extracellular matrix, Malignancy, Gelatinases, Tumor