A Survey of Bayesian Statistical Approaches for Big Data

The modern era is characterised as an era of information or Big Data. This has motivated a huge literature on new methods for extracting information and insights from these data. A natural question is how these approaches differ from those that were available prior to the advent of Big Data. We present a review of published studies that present Bayesian statistical approaches specifically for Big Data and discuss the reported and perceived benefits of these approaches. We conclude by addressing the question of whether focusing only on improving computational algorithms and infrastructure will be enough to face the challenges of Big Data

Progressive hemorrhage and myotoxicity induced by echis carinatus venom in murine model: neutralization by inhibitor cocktail of n,n,n `,n `-tetrakis (2-pyridylmethyl) ethane-1,2-diamine and silymarin

Viperbite is often associated with severe local toxicity, including progressive hemorrhage and myotoxicity, persistent even after the administration of anti-snake venom (ASV). In the recent past, investigations have revealed the orchestrated actions of Zn2+ metalloproteases (Zn(2+)MPs), phospholipase A(2)s (PLA(2)s) and hyaluronidases (HYs) in the onset and progression of local toxicity from the bitten site. As a consequence, venom researchers and medical practitioners are in deliberate quest of potent molecules alongside ASV to tackle the brutal local manifestations induced by aforesaid venom toxins. Based on these facts, we have demonstrated the protective efficacy of inhibitor cocktail containing equal ratios of N,N,N', N'-tetrakis (2-pyridylmethyl) ethane-1,2-diamine (TPEN) and silymarin (SLN) against progressive local toxicity induced by Echis carinatus venom (ECV). In our previous study we have shown the inhibitory potentials of TPEN towards Zn(2+)MPs of ECV (IC50: 6.7 mu M). In this study we have evaluated in vitro inhibitory potentials of SLN towards PLA(2)s (IC50: 12.5 mu M) and HYs (IC50: 8 mu M) of ECV in addition to docking studies. Further, we have demonstrated the protection of ECV induced local toxicity with 10 mM inhibitor cocktail following 15, 30 min (for hemorrhage and myotoxicity); 60 min (for hemorrhage alone) of ECV injection in murine model. The histological examination of skin and thigh muscle sections taken out from the site of ECV injection substantiated the overall protection offered by inhibitor cocktail. In conclusion, the protective efficacy of inhibitor cocktail is of high interest and can be administered locally alongside ASV to treat severe local toxicity

Melatonin inhibits snake venom and antivenom induced oxidative stress and augments treatment efficacy

Snakebite is a neglected health hazard. Its patho-physiology has largely been focused on systemic and local toxicities; whereas, venom and antivenom induced oxidative stress has long been ignored. Antivenom therapy although neutralizes venom lethality and saves many lives, remains ineffective against oxidative stress. This prompted us to complement antivenom with an antioxidant molecule melatonin that would protect against oxidative stress and increase the efficacy of the existing snakebite therapy. Here we show that D. russelli and E. carinatus venoms induce strong oxidative stress that persists even after antivenom administration in mice model. Additionally, antivenoms also induce oxidative stress. Polyvalent antivenom induce more oxidative stress than monovalent antivenom. Strikingly, antivenom and melatonin together not only inhibit venom and antivenom induced oxidative stress but also significantly reduce the neutralizing antivenom dose. This study provides a therapeutic potential for enhancing the existing snakebite therapy. The combined treatment of antivenom+melatonin would prevent the upsurge of oxidative stress as well as minimize the antivenom load. Thus the investigation offers immense scope for physicians and toxinologists to reinvestigate, design new strategies and think beyond the conventional mode of antivenom therapy

Oxidative stress-induced methemoglobinemia is the silent killer during snakebite: a novel and strategic neutralization by melatonin

Oxidative stress-induced methemoglobinemia remained an untouched area in venom pharmacology till date. This study for the first time explored the potential of animal venoms to oxidize hemoglobin to methemoglobin. In invitro whole-blood assay, methemoglobin forming ability of venoms varied as Naja naja>Ophiophagus hannah>Echis carinatus>Daboia russellii>Apis mellifera>Mesobuthus tamulus>Hippasa partita. Being highly potential, N.naja venom was further studied to observe methemoglobin formation in RBCs and in combinations with PMNs and PBMCs, where maximum effect was observed in RBCs+PMNs combination. Naja naja venom/externally added methemoglobin-induced methemoglobin formation was in parallel with ROS generation in whole blood/RBCs/RBCs+PMNs/RBCs+PBMCs. In invivo studies, the lethal dose (1mg/kg body weight, i.p.) of N.naja venom readily induced methemoglobin formation, ROS generation, expression of inflammatory markers, and hypoxia-inducible factor-3. Although the mice administered with three effective doses of antivenom recorded zero mortality; the methemoglobin and ROS levels remained high. However, one effective dose of antivenom when administered along with melatonin (1:50; venom/melatonin, w/w), not only offered 100% survival of experimental mice, but also significantly reduced methemoglobin level, and oxidative stress markers including hypoxia-inducible factor-3. This study provides strong drive that, complementing melatonin would not only reduce the antivenom load, but for sure greatly increase the success rate of antivenom therapy and drastically minimize the global incidence of snakebite deaths. However, further detailed investigations are needed before translating the combined therapy towards the bed side

A Review Paper on Planning of Solid Waste Management Plant – a Case Study for Indapur City

This paper gives the review about the existing solid waste management practices and present scenario of solid waste practices in Indapur city .The unplanned growth of the city has created the problem of waste generation . The per capita waste rate in India has increased from 0.53 kg per day in 2001 to 0.68 kg per day in 2013; this increased solid waste made a huge impact on environment as well as human life. So, there is requirement of proper solid waste management to reduce the effect on of environment and human life

A Review Paper on Planning of Solid Waste Management Plant – a Case Study for Indapur City

This paper state that existing solid waste management practices in Indapur municipal area of Pune district of Maharashtra state, India. Solid waste management is among the basic essential services provided by municipal authorities in the country to keep cities clean. Due to industrialization, rural to urban migration and high growth rate of population have induced rapid urbanisation in developing countries and obviously in India also. The haphazard urbanisation created acute problem of solid waste management. The per capita waste generation rate in India has increased from 0.44 kg per day in 2001 to 0.5 kg per day in 2011; such a steep increase in waste generation within a decade has severed the stress on all infrastructural, natural and budgetary resources. Pune is one of the developing city, it generates total quantity of waste is about 7 tons per day. So, there is need of the proper waste collection, transportation route for prevention of environment form the hazardous waste disposal. It may help in sustainable urban environment of Indapur city. For effective management, the municipal corporation of Indapur has divided the entire region into seventeen wards which are further divided into six health units to collect the solid waste. Two alternate disposal systems are considered. In first case the entire solid waste of the city of Indapur is dumped at one dumping site. In next case there are three sites proposed at different locations in the city Indapur cit