Regional Government Authority in the Implementation of Natural Disaster Management

Natural disasters certainly have negative impact on the environment and society in community health, comfort, and economic conditions. This study aims to asertain and analyze the regulation─regional government service authority in organizing natural disaster management in Indonesia. This study employed empirical legal method involving primary and secondary data and was conducted in Kuningan Regency. The data were collected through interviews, observations and literature studies. The finding revealed the regional government service authority is governed in Article 9 of Law Number 24 of 2007─Disaster Management, Government Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia Number 21 of 2008─the Implementation of Disaster Management, and Regional Regulation Number 6 of 2011─ the Implementation of Disaster Management. Finally, their authority is mostly defined clearly in Law Number 24 of 2007 concerning Disaster Management. This law establishes apparent rules that each duty and function is already appropriate

The association of elevated blood pressure during ischaemic exercise with sport performance in Master athletes with and without morbidity

Background An exaggerated exercise blood pressure (BP) is associated with a reduced exercise capacity. However, its connection to physical performance during competition is unknown. Aim To examine BP responses to ischaemic handgrip exercise in Master athletes (MA) with and without underlying morbidities and to assess their association with athletic performance during the World Master Track Cycling Championships 2019. Methods Forty-eight Master cyclists [age 59±13yrs; weekly training volume 10.4±4.1 h/week; handgrip maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) 46.3±11.5 kg] divided into 2 matched groups (24 healthy MA and 24 MA with morbidity) and 10 healthy middle-aged non-athlete controls (age 48.3±8.3 years; MVC 40.4±14.8 kg) performed 5 min of forearm occlusion including 1 min handgrip isometric contraction (40%MVC) followed by 5 min recovery. Continuous beat-by-beat BP was recorded using fnger plethysmography. Age-graded performance (AGP) was calculated to compare race performances among MA. Healthy Master cyclists were further grouped into middle-age (age 46.2±6.4 years; N:12) and old-age (age 65.0±7.7 years; N:12) for comparison with middle-aged non-athlete controls. Results Healthy and morbidity MA groups showed similar BP responses during forearm occlusion and AGP (90.1±4.3% and 91.0±5.3%, p>0.05, respectively). Healthy and morbidity MA showed modest correlation between the BP rising slope for 40%MVC ischaemic exercise and AGP (r=0.5, p<0.05). MA showed accelerated SBP recovery after cessation of ischaemic handgrip exercise compared to healthy non-athlete controls. Conclusion Our fndings associate long-term athletic training with improved BP recovery following ischaemic exercise regardless of age or reported morbidity. Exaggerated BP in Master cyclists during ischaemic exercise was associated with lower AGP during the World Master Cycling Championships

Effect of nitrate supplementation on skeletal muscle motor unit activity during isometric blood flow restriction exercise

Background Nitrate (NO3-) supplementation has been reported to lower motor unit (MU) firing rate (MUFR) during dynamic resistance exercise, however its impact on MU activity during isometric and ischemic exercise is unknown. Purpose To assess the effect of NO3- supplementation on knee extensor MU activities during brief isometric contractions and a 3-min sustained contraction with blood flow restriction (BFR). Methods Sixteen healthy active young adults (six females) completed two trials in a randomized, double-blind, crossover design. Trials were preceded by 5 days of either NO3- (NIT) or placebo (PLA) supplementation. Intramuscular electromyography was used to determine the m.vastus lateralis MU potential (MUP) size, MUFR and near fibre (NF) jiggle (a measure of neuromuscular stability) during brief (20 s) isometric contractions at 25% maximal strength and throughout a 3 min sustained BFR isometric contraction. Results Plasma nitrite (NO2-) concentration was elevated after NIT compared to PLA (475±93 vs.198±46 nmol·L-1, p0.05), MUP duration was shorter with NIT compared to PLA during brief isometric contractions and the sustained ischemic contraction (p<0.01). Additionally, mean MUP duration, MUP area and NF jiggle increased, and MUFR decreased over the 3 min sustained BFR isometric contraction for both conditions (all p<0.05). Conclusion These findings provide insight into the effect of NO3- supplementation on MUP properties and reveal shorter MUP duration after short-term NO3- supplementation which may have potential positive implications for skeletal muscle contractile performance

Mechanisms of Orthopnoea in Patients with Advanced COPD.

Many patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) report unpleasant respiratory sensation at rest, further amplified by adoption of supine position (orthopnoea). The mechanisms of this acute symptomatic deterioration are poorly understood.16 patients with advanced COPD and history of orthopnoea and 16 age- and sex-matched healthy controls (CTRL) underwent pulmonary function tests and detailed sensory-mechanical measurements including inspiratory neural drive (IND, diaphragm electromyography), oesophageal and gastric pressures in sitting and supine positions.Patients had severe airflow obstruction (FEV1: 40±18%predicted) and lung hyperinflation. Regardless of the position, patients had lower inspiratory capacity (IC) and higher IND for a given tidal volume (i.e. greater neuromechanical dissociation (NMD)), higher intensity of breathing discomfort, minute ventilation (⩒E) and breathing frequency (Fb) compared with CTRL (all p<0.05). In supine position in CTRL (versus sitting erect): IC increased (by 0.48L) with a small drop in ⩒E mainly due to reduced Fb (all p<0.05). By contrast, patients' IC remained unaltered, but dynamic lung compliance decreased (p<0.05) in the supine position. Breathing discomfort, inspiratory work of breathing, inspiratory effort, IND, NMD and neuro-ventilatory uncoupling all increased in COPD in the supine position (p<0.05), but not in CTRL. Orthopnoea was associated with acute changes in IND (r=0.65, p=0.01), neuro-ventilatory uncoupling (r=0.76, p=0.001) and NMD (r=0.73, p=0.002).In COPD, onset of orthopnoea coincided with an abrupt increase in elastic loading of the inspiratory muscles in recumbency in association with increased IND and greater neuromechanical dissociation of the respiratory system

Effect of nitrate supplementation on skeletal muscle motor unit activity during isometric blood flow restriction exercise

Background Nitrate (NO3-) supplementation has been reported to lower motor unit (MU) firing rate (MUFR) during dynamic resistance exercise, however its impact on MU activity during isometric and ischemic exercise is unknown.Purpose To assess the effect of NO3- supplementation on knee extensor MU activities during brief isometric contractions and a 3-min sustained contraction with blood flow restriction (BFR).Methods Sixteen healthy active young adults (six females) completed two trials in a randomized, double-blind, crossover design. Trials were preceded by 5 days of either NO3- (NIT) or placebo (PLA) supplementation. Intramuscular electromyography was used to determine the m.vastus lateralis MU potential (MUP) size, MUFR and near fibre (NF) jiggle (a measure of neuromuscular stability) during brief (20 s) isometric contractions at 25% maximal strength and throughout a 3 min sustained BFR isometric contraction.Results Plasma nitrite (NO2-) concentration was elevated after NIT compared to PLA (475±93 vs.198±46 nmol·L-1, p0.05), MUP duration was shorter with NIT compared to PLA during brief isometric contractions and the sustained ischemic contraction (pConclusion These findings provide insight into the effect of NO3- supplementation on MUP properties and reveal shorter MUP duration after short-term NO3- supplementation which may have potential positive implications for skeletal muscle contractile performance.</div

Effects of nociceptive and mechanosensitive afferents sensitization on central and peripheral hemodynamics following exercise-induced muscle damage

This study aims to test the separated and combined effects of mechanoreflex activation and nociception through exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) on central and peripheral haemodynamics before and during single passive leg movement (sPLM). Eight healthy young males undertook four experimental sessions, in which a sPLM was performed on the dominant limb while in each specific session the contralateral was: a) in a resting condition (CTRL), b) stretched (ST), c) resting after EIMD called delayed-onset-muscle-soreness (DOMS) condition, or d) stretched after EIMD (DOMS+ST). EIMD was used to induce DOMS in the following 24-48h. Femoral blood flow (FBF) was assessed using doppler ultrasound while central haemodynamics were assessed via finger photoplethysmography. Leg vascular conductance (LVC) was calculated as FBF/MAP. RR-interval were analyzed in the time (RMSSD) and frequency domain (LF/HF). Blood samples were collected before each condition and gene expression analysis showed increased fold changes for P2X4 and IL1β in DOMS and DOMS+ST compared with baseline. Resting FBF and LVC were decreased only in the DOMS+ST condition (-26ml/min and -50ml/mmHg/min respectively) with decreased RMSSD and increased LF/HF ratio. MAP, HR, CO, and SV were increased in ST and DOMS+ST compared with CTRL. Marked decreases of delta peaks and AUC for FBF (∆: -146ml/min and -265ml respectively) and LVC (∆: -8.66ml/mmHg/min and ±1.7ml/mmHg/min respectively) all p<.05. These results suggest that combination of mechanoreflex and nociception resulted in decreased vagal tone and concomitant rise in sympathetic drive that led to increases in resting central hemodynamic with reduce limb blood flow before and during sPLM