38 research outputs found
Global, regional, and national burden of disorders affecting the nervous system, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021
BackgroundDisorders affecting the nervous system are diverse and include neurodevelopmental disorders, late-life neurodegeneration, and newly emergent conditions, such as cognitive impairment following COVID-19. Previous publications from the Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factor Study estimated the burden of 15 neurological conditions in 2015 and 2016, but these analyses did not include neurodevelopmental disorders, as defined by the International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-11, or a subset of cases of congenital, neonatal, and infectious conditions that cause neurological damage. Here, we estimate nervous system health loss caused by 37 unique conditions and their associated risk factors globally, regionally, and nationally from 1990 to 2021.MethodsWe estimated mortality, prevalence, years lived with disability (YLDs), years of life lost (YLLs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), with corresponding 95% uncertainty intervals (UIs), by age and sex in 204 countries and territories, from 1990 to 2021. We included morbidity and deaths due to neurological conditions, for which health loss is directly due to damage to the CNS or peripheral nervous system. We also isolated neurological health loss from conditions for which nervous system morbidity is a consequence, but not the primary feature, including a subset of congenital conditions (ie, chromosomal anomalies and congenital birth defects), neonatal conditions (ie, jaundice, preterm birth, and sepsis), infectious diseases (ie, COVID-19, cystic echinococcosis, malaria, syphilis, and Zika virus disease), and diabetic neuropathy. By conducting a sequela-level analysis of the health outcomes for these conditions, only cases where nervous system damage occurred were included, and YLDs were recalculated to isolate the non-fatal burden directly attributable to nervous system health loss. A comorbidity correction was used to calculate total prevalence of all conditions that affect the nervous system combined.FindingsGlobally, the 37 conditions affecting the nervous system were collectively ranked as the leading group cause of DALYs in 2021 (443 million, 95% UI 378–521), affecting 3·40 billion (3·20–3·62) individuals (43·1%, 40·5–45·9 of the global population); global DALY counts attributed to these conditions increased by 18·2% (8·7–26·7) between 1990 and 2021. Age-standardised rates of deaths per 100 000 people attributed to these conditions decreased from 1990 to 2021 by 33·6% (27·6–38·8), and age-standardised rates of DALYs attributed to these conditions decreased by 27·0% (21·5–32·4). Age-standardised prevalence was almost stable, with a change of 1·5% (0·7–2·4). The ten conditions with the highest age-standardised DALYs in 2021 were stroke, neonatal encephalopathy, migraine, Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, diabetic neuropathy, meningitis, epilepsy, neurological complications due to preterm birth, autism spectrum disorder, and nervous system cancer.InterpretationAs the leading cause of overall disease burden in the world, with increasing global DALY counts, effective prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation strategies for disorders affecting the nervous system are needed
Synthesis of a Novel Highly Oleophilic and Highly Hydrophobic Sponge for Rapid Oil Spill Cleanup
A highly hydrophobic and highly oleophilic
sponge was synthesized
by simple vapor-phase deposition followed by polymerization of polypyrrole
followed by modification with palmitic acid. The prepared sponge shows
high absorption capacity in the field of separation and removal of
different oil spills from water surface and was able to emulsify oil/water
mixtures. The sponge can be compressed repeatedly without collapsing.
Therefore, absorbed oils can be readily collected by simple mechanical
squeezing of the sponge. The prepared hydrophobic sponge can collect
oil from water in both static and turbulent conditions. The proposed
method is simple and low cost for the manufacture of highly oleophilic
and highly hydrophobic sponges, which can be successfully used for
effective oil-spill cleanup and water filtration
Efficient oil/water separation by superhydrophobic CuxS coated on copper mesh
International audienc
Mixed Surface Reaction and Diffusion-Controlled Kinetic Model for Adsorption at the Solid/Solution Interface
The effects of diffusion and surface
reaction mechanisms have been
considered conjointly to investigate the kinetics of adsorption. A
new model has been proposed for the modeling of adsorption kinetics
at the solid/solution interface in batch systems. Based on generated
data points (<i>t</i>, <i>q</i>) by using of the
new model, it was found that there is a deviation from linearity as
a downward curvature at initial times of adsorption in usual <i>t</i>/<i>q</i> vs time plot, when diffusion contributes
to the rate-controlling step of adsorption. Moreover, results of nonlinear
fitting to the different experimental data show that the mixed surface
reaction and diffusion-controlled model can be useful for kinetics
modeling of adsorption in which pure surface reaction or mixed surface
reaction and diffusion contribute to the rate-controlling step of
adsorption