Synthesis, Structural Analysis and Screening of Some Novel 5-Substituted Aryl/Aralkyl-1,3,4-Oxadiazol-2-Yl 4-(Morpholin-4-Ylsulfonyl)Benzyl Sulfides as Potential Antibacterial Agents

A series of new 5-substituted aryl/aralkyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl 4-(morpholin-4-ylsulfonyl)benzyl sulfides 6a-k were synthesized by converting multifarious aryl/aralkyl organic acids 1a-k successively into corresponding esters 2a-k, hydrazides 3a-k and 5-substituted aryl/aralkyl-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-thiols 4a-k. Finally, the target compounds, 6a-k were prepared by stirring 5-substituted-1,3,4-oxadiazole-2-thiols with 4-(4-(bromomethyl)phenylsulfonyl) morpholine (5) in the presence of N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) and sodium hydride (NaH). The structures of the newly synthesized compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic techniques. In addition, the anti-bacterial activity of all the synthesized compounds was investigated in vitro against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria by using ciprofloxacin as reference standard drug and the results showed that some of the tested compounds possessed good anti-bacterial activity

Role of tele-rehabilitation in patients following total hip replacement: systematic review of clinical trials

Objective: Rehabilitation is considered vital aspect of treatment strategy post total hip replacement and results in improvement in functional activities as well as reduction in pain. Telerehabilitation is emerging as alternative to traditional face to face rehabilitation in home care. To explore the current evidence on effectiveness of telerehabilitation as compared to face to face rehabilitation for patients after total hip replacement. Methodology: A systematic review was conducted. Data bases were searched including Cochrane, Medline, Embase and PEDro from 2000 to latest. A thorough search was performed to retrieve articles missed through databases as well as unpublished grey literature. Methodological quality assessment was performed using Cochrane risk of bias tool and included studies were critically appraised using PEDro scale. Results: 13 articles finally met the inclusion criteria and were included in the review based on eligibility.  However data was not extractable from 1 study due to which 12 studies were finally reviewed. There were 4 Randomized trials, 3 randomized controlled protocols, 3 randomized pilot studies and 1 prospective cohort study. The summary of critical appraisal of included studies through Physiotherapy Evidence Database scale was done which showed that majority of studies had high quality and few studies fall under the category of fair. Conclusion: Telerehabilitation group reported similar improvement in terms of activities of daily living and quality of life as compared to traditional rehabilitation. This systematic review has established that home based telerehabilitation mode of health care services delivery is an acceptable practical alternative among patients who underwent Continuous..

Pharmacists’ insights and behaviors in preventing the misuse of topical corticosteroids in Pakistan: a mixed-method study

Topical corticosteroids (TCs) misuse has become a common issue for healthcare profession- als and patients, particularly in Pakistan, as no stringent laws or rules are prohibiting the selling of over-the-counter medicines. The present study was designed to examine pharmacists’ insights and behaviors regarding TCs and their potential role in preventing the misuse of TCs in Pakistan. The study was a cross-sectional mixed-methods research design (phase 1, quantitative; and phase 2, qualitative) conducted from January to June 2021. The pharmacists working in various settings in Karachi were approached through different social media platforms. Data were collected through a web link of an online questionnaire with 30 closed-ended questions. Different statistical methods were employed for tabulating the quantitative data, while inductive thematic analysis was directed to classify themes from the qualitative data and to conclude findings. The mean cumulative knowledge score was 10.59 ± 1.63. The community pharmacists knew more about the available over-the-counter TCs (p = 0.041). The experienced pharmacists were more conversant than fresh pharmacists, regard- ing the mode of action (p = 0.008), choice of TC potency (p = 0.001), and most common local and systemic adverse effects of TCs (p = 0.001). Overall, respondents had a favorable attitude, with more than 80% agreeing that pharmacists could ensure that important safety issues are communicated with patients, and assist considerably in avoiding TC misuse. Analysis of data has produced 7 themes, 10 sub-themes, and 30 categories. Major themes included: use and misuse of TCs, adverse drug events due to TCs, cosmeto-vigilance, patient education, referral to a physician, and future perspectives for preventing TC misuse. The respondents were well versed with the dilemma of TCs misuse, and they considered patient characteristics, free availability of TCs, and lack of physician-pharmacist coordination as the major reasons. The major barriers for patient education stated by nearly all the respondents were a lack of time and lack of material/information for counseling. They emphasized the need for stringent legal strategies and the enforcement of current drug-control regulations, so that TCs are not supplied without appropriate prescriptions. The present findings indicate that pharma- cists had appropriate knowledge and a positive attitude towards their potential role in preventing the misuse of TCs. Further education and sensitization in areas of deprived knowledge will undoubtedly aid in the prevention of TCs misuse by the community

Synthesis, antimicrobial evaluation and hemolytic activity of 2-[[5-alkyl/aralkyl substituted-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl]thio]-N-[4-(4-morpholinyl)phenyl]acetamide derivatives

2,5-Disubstituted 1,3,4-oxadiazole compounds are one of the most attractive classes for researchers due to their pharmacological activities. In the current research, a new series of 2-[[5-alkyl/aralkyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl]thio]-N-[4-(4-morpholinyl)phenyl]acetamides (6a–m) were prepared by converting different aryl/aralkyl organic acids (1a–m) successively into corresponding esters (2a–m), hydrazides (3a–m) and 5-aryl/aralkyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-thiols (4a–m). Finally, the target compounds 6a–m were synthesized by stirring 5-aryl/aralkyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-thiols (4a–m) with 2-bromo-N-[4-(4-morpholinyl)phenyl]acetamide (5) in the presence of N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) and sodium hydride (NaH). The structures of the synthesized compounds were elucidated through IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and mass spectral data. The compounds were also screened for antimicrobial and hemolytic activity and most of them were found to be active against the selected microbial species at variable extent relative to reference standards. The compounds, 6d and 6f were active against the selected panel of microbes and the former was the most potent one. This series showed less toxicity and may be considered for further biological screening and application trial except 6h and 6l, possessing higher cytotoxicity

Synthesis, Structural Analysis, and Screening of Some Novel 5-Substituted Aryl/Aralkyl-1,3,4-Oxadiazol-2-Yl 4-(Morpholin-4-Ylsulfonyl)Benzyl Sulfides As Potential Antibacterial Agents

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