Statistical Modelling And Optimization Of Input Process Parameters Variations In Silicon-On-Insulator MOSFET Device

The steady miniaturization of the conventional (planar bulk) Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor (MOSFET) has been effective in providing continual improvements in integrated circuit performance. However, increased leakage current and variability in transistor performance are the major challenges for continued scaling of bulk­ Si MOSFET technology. Therefore, Silicon-on-insulator (SOI) technology has been recognized as an effective approach to mitigate the short-channel effect (SCE) problems. SOI technology allows optimum electrical characteristics to be obtained for low power and high performance circuits. In this research, the impact of the process parameters such as halo implantation energy, halo implantation dose, Source/Drain implantation Dose, and Source/Drain (S/D) implantation energy on the response characteristics for the NMOS and PMOS SOI MOSFET devices were investigated. The virtual fabrication of the device was performed using ANTHENA module while the device electrical characteristics . were simulated using ATLAS module. ANTHENA and ATLAS are the modules contained in Silvaco TCAD software. These two modules were combined with an appropriate statistical method to aid in designing and optimizing the process parameters. In the optimization of the process parameter variations towards the multiple device's characteristics of SOI MOSFET devices, Taguchi method and 2k factorial designs were used. The performance between these two methods in the NMOS and PMOS SOI MOSFET device was evaluated. Based on the observation, it was found that the results given by the Taguchi method were more accurate than 2k Factorial designs due to the presence of noise factors. In PMOS device, the most dominant or .significant factors for SIN Ratio were Halo implantation dose and S/D implantation energy. While the SIN Ratio values after the optimization approach for VTH, SS, IoFF and loN were 91.27dB, -39.37dB, 335.68dB and -80.16dB respectively. Meanwhile, for NMOS, the most dominant or significant factor for SIN Ratio was S/D implantation energy. The SIN ratio values after the optimization approach for VTH, SS, loFF and IoN were 53.64dB, -38.60dB, 234.86dB and 54.70dB respectively . All these values were within the predicted range. In PMOS device, the results showed that the VTH, SS, loFF and IoN after optimization approaches were -0.573V, 92.95mV/dec, 26.04x10- 18A/µm and 98.19µA/µm respectively. For NMOS device, the values of VTH, SS, IoFF and IoN after optimization approaches were +0.546V, 85.08mV/dec, 2.034pA/µm and 344.l 7µA/µm respectively. Most of the results obtained were within the range and met the requirement of low power (LP) technology for the year 2016 as predicted by International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductor (ITRS) 2013. As a conclusion, the design of NMOS and PMOS SOI MOSFET has successfully been created and through the Taguchi method, the optimal solution for the robust design of the devices has successfully been achieved

Impact of Different Dose, Energy and Tilt Angle in Source/Drain Implantation for Vertical Double Gate PMOS Device

In this paper, an investigation on the impact of different dose, energy and tilt angle of Source/Drain (S/D) implantation towards threshold voltage (VTH) value in vertical double-gate PMOS device was conducted by using L8 2k-factorial design. The level of significance for each process parameters on VTH was determined by using analysis of variance (ANOVA). The virtual fabrication and electrical characterization of the device were performed by using a process simulator (ATHENA) and a device simulator (ATLAS) respectively. This procedure was followed by 2k-factorial design to aid in optimizing the process parameter variations towards VTH value. Based on the final results, the most dominant factor that affects VTH value was found to be S/D implant energy. Meanwhile, the nominal possible VTH value after the optimization analysis was observed to be – 0.4509V. The percentage difference is only 0.87% higher than ITRS 2013 prediction for low power (LP) requirement in the year 2020

Electrical Characteristics Of PMOS Bulk Mosfet And PMOS Silicon-On-Insulator (SOI) MOSFET Device

Nowadays, conventional Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor (MOSFET) has been undergoing major improvement. This improvement is about the introduction of technique that buries the Buried Oxide layer in an MOSFET. This method is known as Silicon-on-insulator (SOI) and it is believed to be able to suppress the Short channel effect (SCE). The SCE is a trigger to diminish the electrical characteristics of a MOSFET device and by introducing this buried oxide layer, it can suppress this SCE. With SCE suppressed by buried oxide layer, electrical characteristics of an MOSFET can be improved; thus the performance of the device can increase tremendously. In this paper, Silvaco ATLAS and Silvaco ATHENA modules have been used. ATHENA module is used to design the structure layout of SOI MOSFET device. Meanwhile, ATLAS module is employed to extract electrical characteristics of design structure of the device. Conventional PMOS Bulk MOSFET and SOI PMOS was designed and constructed. These two electrical results have been observed and analyzed. As a conclusion, the SOI PMOS device is clearly superior compared to the bulk PMOS device

Application Of Taguchi Method With The Interaction Test For Lower DIBL IN WSix/TiO2 Channel Vertical Double Gate NMOS

The poly-Si/SiO2 based MOSFETs have been encountering a problem with the limitation of channel length for the device miniaturization. The drain induced barrier lowering (DIBL) effect is the main threat for the device to acquire excellent device’s characteristics. Thus, the metal-gate/high-k technology is a smart choice for the future replacement of poly-Si/SiO2 channel. This paper introduces the implementation of WSix/TiO2 channel to replace the poly-Si/SiO2 channel in vertical double-gate NMOS structure, followed by the application of Taguchi method to reduce the drain induced barrier lowering (DIBL) effects. The device was virtually fabricated and characterized by using both ATHENA and ATLAS modules of SILVACO TCAD tools. The L12 orthogonal array, main effects, signal-to noise ratio (SNR) and analysis of variance (ANOVA) were utilized to analyze the effect of process parameter variations on the DIBL. Later, the interactions between the process parameters were investigated by using L8 orthogonal array of Taguchi method. Based on the final results, halo implant tilt angle and source/drain (S/D) implant energy were identified as the most dominant process parameters where each of them contributes 24% and 16% of factor effects on SNR respectively. The lowest possible value of DIBL after the optimization with the interaction test is 1.552 mV/V

Cytotoxicity and apoptosis effects of curcumin analogue (2E,6E)-2,6-Bis(2,3-Dimethoxybenzylidine) Cyclohexanone (DMCH) on human colon cancer cells HT29 and SW620 in vitro

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common type of cancer worldwide and a leading cause of cancer death. According to the Malaysian National Cancer Registry Report 2012-2016, colorectal cancer was the second most common cancer in Malaysia after breast cancer. Recent treatments for colon cancer cases have caused side effects and recurrence in patients. One of the alternative ways to fight cancer is by using natural products. Curcumin is a compound of the rhizomes of Curcuma longa that possesses a broad range of pharmacological activities. Curcumin has been studied for decades but due to its low bioavailability, its usage as a therapeutic agent has been compromised. This has led to the development of a chemically synthesized curcuminoid analogue, (2E,6E)-2,6-bis(2,3-dimethoxybenzylidine) cyclohexanone (DMCH), to overcome the drawbacks. This study aims to examine the potential of DMCH for cytotoxicity, apoptosis induction, and activation of apoptosis-related proteins on the colon cancer cell lines HT29 and SW620. The cytotoxic activity of DMCH was evaluated using the [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] (MTT) cell viability assay on both of the cell lines, HT29 and SW620. To determine the mode of cell death, an acridine orange/propidium iodide (AO/PI) assay was conducted, followed by Annexin V/FITC, cell cycle analysis, and JC-1 assay using a flow cytometer. A proteome profiler angiogenesis assay was conducted to determine the protein expression. The inhibitory concentration (IC50) of DMCH in SW620 and HT29 was 7.50 ± 1.19 and 9.80 ± 0.55 µg/mL, respectively. The treated cells displayed morphological features characteristic of apoptosis. The flow cytometry analysis confirmed that DMCH induced apoptosis as shown by an increase in the sub-G0/G1 population and an increase in the early apoptosis and late apoptosis populations compared with untreated cells. A higher number of apoptotic cells were observed on treated SW620 cells as compared to HT29 cells. Human apoptosis proteome profiler analysis revealed upregulation of Bax and Bad proteins and downregulation of Livin proteins in both the HT29 and SW620 cell lines. Collectively, DMCH induced cell death via apoptosis, and the effect was more pronounced on SW620 metastatic colon cancer cells, suggesting its potential effects as an antimetastatic agent targeting colon cancer cells

Cytotoxicity and apoptosis effects of curcumin analogue (2E,6E)-2,6-Bis(2,3-Dimethoxybenzylidine) cyclohexanone (DMCH) on human colon cancer cells HT29 and SW620 in vitro

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common type of cancer worldwide and a leading cause of cancer death. According to the Malaysian National Cancer Registry Report 2012-2016, colorectal cancer was the second most common cancer in Malaysia after breast cancer. Recent treatments for colon cancer cases have caused side effects and recurrence in patients. One of the alternative ways to fight cancer is by using natural products. Curcumin is a compound of the rhizomes of Curcuma longa that possesses a broad range of pharmacological activities. Curcumin has been studied for decades but due to its low bioavailability, its usage as a therapeutic agent has been compromised. This has led to the development of a chemically synthesized curcuminoid analogue, (2E,6E)-2,6-bis(2,3-dimethoxybenzylidine) cyclohexanone (DMCH), to overcome the drawbacks. This study aims to examine the potential of DMCH for cytotoxicity, apoptosis induction, and activation of apoptosis-related proteins on the colon cancer cell lines HT29 and SW620. The cytotoxic activity of DMCH was evaluated using the [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide] (MTT) cell viability assay on both of the cell lines, HT29 and SW620. To determine the mode of cell death, an acridine orange/propidium iodide (AO/PI) assay was conducted, followed by Annexin V/FITC, cell cycle analysis, and JC-1 assay using a flow cytometer. A proteome profiler angiogenesis assay was conducted to determine the protein expression. The inhibitory concentration (IC50) of DMCH in SW620 and HT29 was 7.50 ± 1.19 and 9.80 ± 0.55 µg/mL, respectively. The treated cells displayed morphological features characteristic of apoptosis. The flow cytometry analysis confirmed that DMCH induced apoptosis as shown by an increase in the sub-G0/G1 population and an increase in the early apoptosis and late apoptosis populations compared with untreated cells. A higher number of apoptotic cells were observed on treated SW620 cells as compared to HT29 cells. Human apoptosis proteome profiler analysis revealed upregulation of Bax and Bad proteins and downregulation of Livin proteins in both the HT29 and SW620 cell lines. Collectively, DMCH induced cell death via apoptosis, and the effect was more pronounced on SW620 metastatic colon cancer cells, suggesting its potential effects as an antimetastatic agent targeting colon cancer cells

Selected Kefir Water from Malaysia Attenuates Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Oxidative Stress by Upregulating Endogenous Antioxidant Levels in SH-SY5Y Neuroblastoma Cells

Kefir, a fermented probiotic drink was tested for its potential anti-oxidative, anti-apoptotic, and neuroprotective effects to attenuate cellular oxidative stress on human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. Here, the antioxidant potentials of the six different kefir water samples were analysed by total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and 2,2′-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH) assays, whereas the anti-apoptotic activity on hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) induced SH-SY5Y cells was examined using MTT, AO/PI double staining, and PI/Annexin V-FITC assays. The surface and internal morphological features of SH-SY5Y cells were studied using scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The results indicate that Kefir B showed the higher TPC (1.96 ± 0.54 µg GAE/µL), TFC (1.09 ± 0.02 µg CAT eq/µL), FRAP (19.68 ± 0.11 mM FRAP eq/50 µL), and DPPH (0.45 ± 0.06 mg/mL) activities compared to the other kefir samples. The MTT and PI/Annexin V-FITC assays showed that Kefir B pre-treatment at 10 mg/mL for 48 h resulted in greater cytoprotection (97.04%), and a significantly lower percentage of necrotic cells (7.79%), respectively. The Kefir B pre-treatment also resulted in greater protection to cytoplasmic and cytoskeleton inclusion, along with the conservation of the surface morphological features and the overall integrity of SH-SY5Y cells. Our findings indicate that the anti-oxidative, anti-apoptosis, and neuroprotective effects of kefir were mediated via the upregulation of SOD and catalase, as well as the modulation of apoptotic genes (Tp73, Bax, and Bcl-2)

Facile synthesis of N- (4-bromophenyl)-1- (3-bromothiophen-2-yl)methanimine derivatives via Suzuki cross-coupling reaction: their characterization and DFT studies

A variety of imine derivatives have been synthesized via Suzuki cross coupling of N-(4-bromophenyl)-1-(3-bromothiophen-2-yl)methanimine with various arylboronic acids in moderate to good yields (58–72%). A wide range of electron donating and withdrawing functional groups were well tolerated in reaction conditions. To explore the structural properties, Density functional theory (DFT) investigations on all synthesized molecules (3a–3i) were performed. Conceptual DFT reactivity descriptors and molecular electrostatic potential analyses were performed by using B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) method to explore the reactivity and reacting sites of all derivatives (3a–3i)

Isolation and identification of Lactobacillus spp. from kefir samples in Malaysia

Kefir is a homemade, natural fermented product comprised of a probiotic bacteria and yeast complex. Kefir consumption has been associated with many advantageous properties to general health, including as an antioxidative, anti-obesity, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, and anti-tumor moiety. This beverage is commonly found and consumed by people in the United States of America, China, France, Brazil, and Japan. Recently, the consumption of kefir has been popularized in other countries including Malaysia. The microflora in kefir from different countries differs due to variations in culture conditions and the starter media. Thus, this study was aimed at isolating and characterizing the lactic acid bacteria that are predominant in Malaysian kefir grains via macroscopic examination and 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing. The results revealed that the Malaysian kefir grains are dominated by three different strains of Lactobacillus strains, which are Lactobacillus harbinensis, Lactobacillusparacasei, and Lactobacillus plantarum. The probiotic properties of these strains, such as acid and bile salt tolerances, adherence ability to the intestinal mucosa, antibiotic resistance, and hemolytic test, were subsequently conducted and extensively studied. The isolated Lactobacillus spp. from kefir H maintained its survival rate within 3 h of incubation at pH 3 and pH 4 at 98.0 ± 3.3% and 96.1 ± 1.7% of bacteria growth and exhibited the highest survival at bile salt condition at 0.3% and 0.5%. The same isolate also showed high adherence ability to intestinal cells at 96.3 ± 0.01%, has antibiotic resistance towards ampicillin, penicillin, and tetracycline, and showed no hemolytic activity. In addition, the results of antioxidant activity tests demonstrated that isolated Lactobacillus spp. from kefir G possessed high antioxidant activities for total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP), and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazine (DPPH) assay compared to other isolates. From these data, all Lactobacillus spp. isolated from Malaysian kefir serve as promising candidates for probiotics foods and beverage since they exhibit potential probiotic properties and antioxidant activities

The effect of precursor concentration on the particle size, crystal size, and optical energy gap of CexSn1â’xO2 nanofabrication

In the present work, a thermal treatment technique is applied for the synthesis of CexSn1−xO2 nanoparticles. Using this method has developed understanding of how lower and higher precursor values affect the morphology, structure, and optical properties of CexSn1−xO2 nanoparticles. CexSn1−xO2 nanoparticle synthesis involves a reaction between cerium and tin sources, namely, cerium nitrate hexahydrate and tin (II) chloride dihydrate, respectively, and the capping agent, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). The findings indicate that lower x values yield smaller particle size with a higher energy band gap, while higher x values yield a larger particle size with a smaller energy band gap. Thus, products with lower x values may be suitable for antibacterial activity applications as smaller particles can diffuse through the cell wall faster, while products with higher x values may be suitable for solar cell energy applications as more electrons can be generated at larger particle sizes. The synthesized samples were profiled via a number of methods, such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). As revealed by the XRD pattern analysis, the CexSn1−xO2 nanoparticles formed after calcination reflect the cubic fluorite structure and cassiterite-type tetragonal structure of CexSn1−xO2 nanoparticles. Meanwhile, using FT-IR analysis, Ce-O and Sn-O were confirmed as the primary bonds of ready CexSn1−xO2 nanoparticle samples, whilst TEM analysis highlighted that the average particle size was in the range 6−21 nm as the precursor concentration (Ce(NO3)3·6H2O) increased from 0.00 to 1.00. Moreover, the diffuse UV-visible reflectance spectra used to determine the optical band gap based on the Kubelka–Munk equation showed that an increase in x value has caused a decrease in the energy band gap and vice versa