Study on Equilibrium of Sulfur Species in Model Oil with Ionic Liquid

Extraction of thianaphthene, one of the long sulfur chain existed in crude oil from model oil (which is dodecane in this study) is experimentally carried out by using an ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium octyl sulfate. Result from the experiment is expressed as a ternary diagram. The objective of this study is to investigate the efficiency of the experimented ionic liquid as an extractor of long sulfur chain from model oil which can be used later to as a base comparison with another extractor. This report will be divided into 4 parts which consist of introduction, which includes abstract, problem statement, and objective scope of study. Next part of this report will be covered on literature review which includes a brief introduction on equilibrium, and material used in the study. Methodology will be in the third chapter as all the methodology used to conduct the experiment is reported in this section. At the end of the report, details on result and discussion will be explained on last part of the report which is part 4

Bacteria as a vehicle in cancer therapy and drug delivery

Although the conventional therapies have obviously improved the conditions of patients with cancer, some mechanisms of resistance have led scientists to use alternative agents that can penetrate in most solid tumors. Furthermore, the success of cancer therapies depends on limiting the uptake of toxins to normal tissues and their selectivity to malignant cells. The involvement of natural and genetically modified non-pathogenic bacterial species, as potential antitumor agents, has led scientists to study bacteria and their products as an ideal vector for delivering therapeutic components to tumors. Moreover, bacterial ghosts, microbots, and bactofection are the other strategies to destruct the malignant tissues. Although it has shown to achieve successful results in vivo, further investigations on the targeting mechanisms of the bacteria are needed to make it a complete therapeutic approach in cancer treatment

Study on Equilibrium of Sulfur Species in Model Oil with Ionic Liquid

Extraction of thianaphthene, one of the long sulfur chain existed in crude oil from model oil (which is dodecane in this study) is experimentally carried out by using an ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium octyl sulfate. Result from the experiment is expressed as a ternary diagram. The objective of this study is to investigate the efficiency of the experimented ionic liquid as an extractor of long sulfur chain from model oil which can be used later to as a base comparison with another extractor. This report will be divided into 4 parts which consist of introduction, which includes abstract, problem statement, and objective scope of study. Next part of this report will be covered on literature review which includes a brief introduction on equilibrium, and material used in the study. Methodology will be in the third chapter as all the methodology used to conduct the experiment is reported in this section. At the end of the report, details on result and discussion will be explained on last part of the report which is part 4

Integrons and antimicrobial resistance in bacteria: A systematic review

Resistance to antimicrobial agents is on the rise  and this phenomenon not only leads to an increase in economic burden but may also cause serious therapeutic problems. Nowadays, it is known that horizontal transfer of resistance genes is a major cause for spreading antibiotic resistance genes in microbes. The previous studies have manifested that integrons play a significant role in horizontal transfer of antibiotic resistance. Integrons are in fact natural cloning and expression systems which have the ability to spread multi drug resistance (MDR) in bacteria. They are normally motionless but can be transferred through mobile genetic elements, for example plasmids and transposons. Integrons carry divergent gene cassettes that are rearranged under antibiotic selective pressure. It is based on the sequence of the integrase gene that various classes of integrons are known. Class 1 integron is the most prevalent type among bacteria. This review highlights the need for continuous surveillance to understand the dissemination of integron and multidrug resistance among different bacteria

The Frequency of Academic Burnout and Related Factors among Medical Students at Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, in 2016

Abstract  Background: Academic burnout is the state of negative emotions and low motivation in one’s education. Understanding the status of academic burnout is the primary step to make proper decisions. The present study, therefore, was conducted to investigate comparative degrees of academic burnout among medical students in their first five semesters of medical education at Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.  Methods: In the present cross-sectional study, a total of 525 medical students at the School of Medicine filled out the Persian version of Maslach Burnout Inventory – Student Survey from January 15 to February 5, 2016. Chi-square, Mantel-Haenszel, and Kruskal–Wallis tests were run in SPSS for data analysis. P-value<0.05 was considered significant.  Results: Based on the collected data, it was shown that 49.2% of the participants were male and 50.8% were female. Only 8 (1.5%) participants were married. No statistically significant difference was observed between the variables investigated and academic burnout (P>0.05). It was also observed that only four (0.8%) medical students (all new-comers) were in low academic burnout group and 521 (99.2%) were categorized in medium academic burnout group. Finally, it was found that academic burnout of the students increase as their educational level advance, making the first-semester students having the lowest and fifth-semester students the highest academic burnout indices (P<0.001).  Conclusion: It is concluded that, from among the variables studied, only students’ educational level made a difference in medical students’ academic burnout.Keywords: Academic efficacy; Burnout; Cynicism; Exhaustion; Medical Students

Pegangan agama dalam kalangan belia pelbagai kaum di Malaysia

Artikel ini membincangkan tahap pegangan agama dalam kalangan belia awal pelbagai kaum di Malaysia. Dapatan yang dibentangkan secara deskriptif ini merupakan sebahagian daripada dapatan kajian yang lebih besar mengenai Pembentukan Model Risiko dan Faktor Penyebab Fenomena Keluar Agama dalam kalangan Belia di Malaysia. Kajian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif ke atas 1893 pelajar tingkatan empat di seluruh negara melibatkan beberapa negeri terpilih. Kajian mendapati belia pelbagai kaum di Malaysia mempunyai tahap pengamalan agama yang rendah. Keadaan yang sama turut berlaku ke atas sosialisasi agama responden dengan rakan-rakan dari sudut perbincangan iman/kepercayaan. Selain itu, kajian turut mendapati faktor ibu bapa dan rakan-rakan sebagai rujukan dalam perkara keimanan begitu penting dari sudut menyokong pegangan iman/kepercayaan belia. Belia dilihat masih memiliki identifikasi pegangan agama yang kuat di dalam menjustifikasikan dirinya dengan agamanya serta dirinya dengan komuniti seagama. Ringkasnya, walaupun agama begitu signifikan dalam kehidupan belia, namun tahap amalan agama dilihat sedikit longgar. Peningkatan sosialisasi agama dengan ibu bapa dan rakan-rakan dilihat berpotensi menyumbang ke arah tahap pengamalan agama yang lebih positif dalam kalangan belia pelbagai kaum di Malaysia

Postural and Musculoskeletal Disorders in Women with Urinary Incontinence: A Research Report

Introduction: To investigate and compare the prevalence of some postural and musculoskeletal disorders in women with and without Urinary Incontinence (UI). Urinary Incontinence (UI) is one of the most important social and health problems in women. Limited studies have shown that UI prevalence is around 35%-55% in Iran. Nevertheless, to the best of our knowledge, there is no exact and reliable data reported in the literature on the prevalence of musculoskeletal, postural, or other related disorders in UI patients in Iran. Methods and Materials: The current study was conducted based on the data obtained from 166 incontinent and 90 continent women attending Vali-e-Asr University Hospital between 2010 and 2012. After collecting participants’ demographic information, postural status was assessed. In addition, we measured values for pelvic inclination and lumbar lordosis angles. Finally, vaginal tone and pelvic floor muscle strength and endurance were evaluated. Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) goodness-of-fit, Independent t, X2, and Pearson correlation tests were used for the purposes of data analysis. Results: The prevalence of low back pain, chronic pelvic pain, and pelvic asymmetry were significantly higher in incontinent women compared with that in continent women (p<0.05). It was found that lumbar lordosis was significantly different between the two groups (P=0.021); however, no significant difference was observed regarding pelvic inclination (P=0.20). Conclusion: The present study confirms the hypothesis that incontinent women have higher prevalence of low back and pelvic pain and pelvic asymmetry. It is recommented that further epidemiologic and comprehensive etiologic investigations be conducted on these findings.Keywords: Urinary Incontinence, Posture, Musculoskeletal Disorders, Wome

Boundaries of the Realm of Bioethics in Worship

زمینه و هدف: عبادات در اسلام دارای جایگاه مهمی هستند که علاوه بر تزکیه و تطهیر نفسانی افراد، عاملی برای بهبود زندگی اجتماعی انسان‌ها نیز محسوب می‌شوند. عبادات اسلامی با ترویج اندیشه زیستن مطلوب افراد با یکدیگر، جلوه‌های خاصی از اخلاق زیستی را نشان می‌دهند که در این پژوهش به برخی از آنان اشاره می‌شود. مواد و روش‌ها: روش توصیفی ـ تحلیلی به عنوان روش پژوهش حاضر در نظر گرفته شده است که بر اساس آن با تحلیل و تفسیر آیات و روایات و همچنین بهره‌گیری از منابع و مقالات مرتبط در زمینه عبادات و اخلاق زیستی، نسبت به بررسی موضوع اقدام شده است. یافته‌ها: اخلاق زیستی در نماز، مروج فرهنگ فروتنی و تواضع، ادب و نزاکت و همچنین دعوت به توحید و یگانگی است که در نهایت آرامش عمومی را موجب می‌شود؛ روزه، مظهر صبر و سکوت و بردباری در برابر چالش‌های جامعه است؛ زکات، خمس، انفاق و وقف، اصلاح اخلاق اقتصادی و اجتماعی را سرلوحه خود قرار می‌دهند که با نفی مادی‌گرایی و ترویج شیوه‌های اقتصادی و اجتماعی سالم، پرچمدار مبارزه با ظلم و تکاثر ثروت می‌شوند؛ حج نیز نمادی جهانی برای پیوستن به دریای بیکران حق و مقابله با مظاهر شیطان در دوره‌های مختلف تاریخی است. نتیجه‌گیری: اخلاق زیستی در اسلام همانند آنچه در احکام آن دیده می‌شود، امری فردی و مبتنی بر جدایی حوزه‌های اخلاقی از حوزه‌های اجتماعی نیست. بنابراین مجموعه احکام اسلام و عبادات آن در راستای اصلاح و ترویج اخلاق زیستی مطرح می‌شوند که هم سعادت فردی به دنبال دارند و هم این‌که اصلاح اجتماعی را وسیله‌ای برای دستیابی به سعادت به ما نشان می‌دهند. معرفی و شناسایی ابعاد اخلاقی عبادات و همچنین جلوگیری از تحریف آموزه‌های عبادی اسلام بخش مهمی از فرایند برسازش اخلاق زیستی اسلامی در جامعه است که می‌بایست مورد توجه بیشتری قرار گیرد.Background and Aim: Worship has an important place in Islam which, in addition to cultivating and purifying the soul of individuals, is also a factor in improving the social life of human beings. Islamic worship, by promoting the idea of people living well together, shows certain manifestations of biological ethics, some of which are mentioned in this study. Materials and Methods: Descriptive-analytical method is considered as the method of the present study, based on which by analyzing and interpreting verses and hadiths, as well as using related sources and articles in the field of worship and bioethics, to study the issue has been addressed. Findings: Bioethics in prayer promotes a culture of humility and modesty, politeness and decency, as well as an invitation to monotheism and unity, which ultimately leads to public peace; Fasting is a manifestation of patience, silence and patience in the face of society's challenges; Zakat, khums, almsgiving and endowment make economic and social moral reform their top priority, which, by rejecting materialism and promoting sound economic and social practices, become the banner of the struggle against oppression and the multiplication of wealth; Hajj is also a universal symbol for joining the boundless sea of truth and confronting the manifestations of Satan in different historical periods. Conclusion: Bioethics in Islam, as seen in its rulings, is not an individual matter and based on the separation of moral spheres from social spheres. Therefore, the set of rules of Islam and its worships are presented in order to reform and promote bioethics, which both seek individual happiness and show us social reform as a means to achieve happiness. Introducing and identifying the moral aspects of worship as well as preventing the distortion of the religious teachings of Islam is an important part of the process of reconciling Islamic bioethics in society that should be given more attention.   Please cite this article as: Azizi S, Azimi Garekani H. Boundaries of the Realm of Bioethics in Worship. Bioethics Journal, Special Issue on Bioethics and Citizenship Rights 2020; 267-277

Smear layer removal evaluation of different protocol of Bio Race file and XP- endo Finisher file in corporation with EDTA 17% and NaOCl

The aim of the present study was to compare the amount of the smear layer remaining in prepared root canals with different protocols of Bio RaCe files and XP-endo Finisher file (XPF) in association with 17% EDTA and sodium hypochlorite solution. A total of 68 extracted single-rooted teeth were randomly divided into 4 experimental groups (n=14) and two control groups (n=6). The root canals were prepared with Bio RaCe files (FKG Dentaire, Switzerland) using the crown-down technique based on manufacturer?s instructions and irrigated according to the following irrigation techniques: Group 1: XPF with 2 mL of 2.5% NaOCl for 1 minute. Group 2:, XPF with 1 mL of 17% EDTA for one minute. Group 3: XPF was used for 1 minute in association with normal saline solution. Group 4: XP-endo Finisher file for 30 seconds in association with 2.5% NaOCl and 17% EDTA for 30 seconds. The negative control group: NaOCl (2.5%) was used during root canal preparation, followed by irrigation with 17% EDTA at the end of root canal preparation. The positive control group: Normal saline solution was used for irrigation during root canal preparation. In all the groups, during preparation of the root canals with Bio RaCe file, 20 mL of 2.5% NaOCl was used for root canal irrigation and at the end of the procedural steps 20 mL of normal saline solution was used as a final irrigant. The samples were analyzed under SEM at ×1000?2000 magnification and evaluated using Torabinejad scoring system. Data were analyzed with non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis test and post hoc Mann-Whitney U test, using SPSS. Statistical significant was defined at P<0.05. The results of the study showed the least amount of the smear layer at coronal, middle and apical thirds of the root canals in groups 2, which was not significantly different from the negative control group (P<0.5). Under the limitations of the present study, use of a combination of NaOCl and EDTA in association with XPF exhibited the best efficacy for the removal of the smear layer

Legal Jurisprudential Dimensions of Transactions with the Intention of Escaping from Debts by Looking at Citizenship Rights

‌زمینه و هدف: حقوق شهروندی از مفاهیم مدرن است. این مقوله، کلیه حیطه‌های حقوق سیاسی، اقتصادی، اجتماعی و فرهنگی را در‌بر می‌گیرد. حقوق شهروندی از مهم‌ترین محورهای حقوق اساسی هر کشور محسوب می‌شود که بنیان آن فارغ از طبقه، نژاد و جنسیت بر اساس حق حیات، کرامت انسانی و امنیت پایه‌گذاری گردیده است. بر اساس منشور حقوق شهروندی از مهم‌ترین حقوق شهروندان تأمین امنیت آنان در زمینه‌های مختلف جانی، حقوقی و بالاخص مالی و اقتصادی در مراودات روزمره می‌باشد. در تعالیم دینی نیز جهت حفظ منزلت و کرامت شهروندان، از ظلم و تعدی به دارایی افراد به هر صورتی‌ که باشد، نهی شده است. مواد و روش‌ها: تحقیق حاضر به روش توصیفی ـ تحلیلی و به صورت کتابخانه‌ای و اسنادی انجام می‌شود. یافته‌ها: امنیت اقتصادی در پرتو عواملی چون اکتساب و انعقاد معاملات در بستری سالم و بدون هرگونه حیله و نیرنگ، انجام‌یافتن تعهدات مالی از سوی شهروندان و مصونیت دارایی افراد از هرگونه تجاوز، تحقق می‌یابد. امروزه یکی از معضلاتی که با حقوق شهروندان در تعارض می‌باشد، استفاده از شیوه‌های هوشمندانه به منظور فرار از تعهدات اجتماعی و اقتصادی است که در اصطلاح حقوقی، معامله به قصد فرار از دین نام دارد. این امر در مواردی صدق پیدا می‌کند که فرد بدهکار به انگیزه فرار از محدودیت‌های قانونی برای این‌که اموالش توسط طلبکاران توقیف نشود، معامله‌ای انجام داده تا اموال خود را در مقابل طلب فرد دیگر حفظ نماید. نتیجه‌گیری: آنچه موجب از بین‌رفتن امنیت‌ حقوقی و سستی اعتبار در روابط تجاری با دیگران می‌شود، نیرنگ بدهکار برای فرار از پرداخت دین و اضرار به طلبکار به دلیل عدم امکان استیفای تمام یا بخشی از طلب است. معاملات به قصد فرار از دین در فقه و حقوق ایران (به موجب ماده 218 قانون مدنی) جهت برقراری امنیت اقتصادی، ثبات اعتماد اجتماعی و جلوگیری از تضییع حق شهروندان بالاخص طلبکاران با مد نظر قراردادن اصول کرامت و امنیت، غالباً غیر نافذ یا باطل می‌باشند.Background and Aim: Citizenship is a modern concept. This category covers all areas of political, economic, social and cultural law. Citizenship rights are one of the most important issues in the fundamental rights of any country, regardless of class, race and gender, based on the right to life, human dignity and security. According to the Charter of Citizens' Rights, one of the most important rights of citizens is to ensure their security in various areas of life, law, and especially financial and economic relations in daily communication. In religious teachings, in order to preserve the dignity and honor of the citizens, oppression and encroachment on the property of individuals in any form is prohibited. Materials and Methods: In this research, a library documentary study is performed using descriptive-analytical methods. Findings: Economic security is achieved in the light of factors such as the acquisition and conclusion of transactions in a healthy environment without any tricks, performing financial obligations by citizens and the protection of their assets from any encroachment by other people. Today, one of the problems with citizens' rights is the use of clever methods to escape social and economic obligations, which in legal terms is a transaction with the intention of escaping from debts. This is true in cases where the debtor, under the pretext of evading legal restrictions, has made a transaction in order to prevent his property from being seized by creditors in order to protect his property against another person's claim. Conclusion: What leads to the loss of legal certainty and the weakening of credit in business relationships with others is the debtor's trick to escape paying the debt and damaging the creditor due to the impossibility of fulfilling all or part of the claim. Transactions with the intention of escaping from debts in Iranian jurisprudence and law (according to Article 218 of the Civil Code) in order to establish economic security, stabilize social trust and prevent the violation of citizens' rights, especially creditors, by considering the principles of dignity and security, are ineffective or invalid. &nbsp; Please cite this article as: Mousavi RS, Azimi Garekani H. Legal Jurisprudential Dimensions of Transactions with the Intention of Escaping from Debts by Looking at Citizenship Rights. Bioethics Journal, Special Issue on Bioethics and Citizenship Rights 2020; 7-21