The teaching of social sciences in medical schools : revision of experiences

O presente artigo descreve e analisa a literatura sobre o ensino das ciências sociais nas escolas médicas em diferentes países, durante o período de 1960 a 2000. A metodologia baseia-se na análise documental/bibliográfica de estudos já sistematizados sobre o tema e de levantamento realizado nos bancos de dados Lilacs, Medline e Sociological Abstracts. Com referência às experiências de 1980 a 2000, os dados levantados de 21 artigos assinalam: objetivos – acompanhar e atender às mudanças sociais, às ocorridas na prestação de serviços de saúde, às necessidades da população; técnicas de ensino – ênfase no processo de ensino-aprendizagem ativo, atividades em pequenos grupos, problemas como ponto de partida, trabalhos de campo, pesquisas, uso de material audiovisual, dramatização e outros; conteúdos – grande diversidade temática comprovando os resultados das décadas anteriores e variando de acordo com as diferentes escolas médicas: comportamento pessoal, interpessoal, médico, comunidade e ambiente, organização do cuidado à saúde; relações saúde-sociedade; relação médico-paciente; aspectos histórico-sociais da prática médica; variáveis sociais no diagnóstico, prognóstico e tratamento; relações doença-família. As conclusões apresentam alguns aspectos gerais e os principais resultados encontrados na pesquisa. ____________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACTThis paper describes and analyses the literature about teaching social sciences in medical schools in different countries during 1960-2000. The methodology is based on documental/bibliography analyses of both systematized studies and information raised in the following database: Lilacs, Medline, Sociological Abstracts. The data of 1980-2000 from 21 articles point out: objectives of courses – stressing the relationship teaching/social changes/ health care needs/community needs; teaching/ learning methods – increasing activities methods, working with small student s groups, starting from problems, field works, researches, use of audio-visual resources, dramatization, etc.; content of courses – there are a great diversity corroborating the results of prior decades and variable with each medical school. The aim questions are related to personal and interpersonal behavior, medical behavior, community and environment, care health organization, health-society relations, medical-patient relationship, diagnostic and prognostic social variables, illness-family relations. The conclusions present some general aspects and the main results

Pervasive gaps in Amazonian ecological research

Biodiversity loss is one of the main challenges of our time,1,2 and attempts to address it require a clear un derstanding of how ecological communities respond to environmental change across time and space.3,4 While the increasing availability of global databases on ecological communities has advanced our knowledge of biodiversity sensitivity to environmental changes,5–7 vast areas of the tropics remain understudied.8–11 In the American tropics, Amazonia stands out as the world’s most diverse rainforest and the primary source of Neotropical biodiversity,12 but it remains among the least known forests in America and is often underrepre sented in biodiversity databases.13–15 To worsen this situation, human-induced modifications16,17 may elim inate pieces of the Amazon’s biodiversity puzzle before we can use them to understand how ecological com munities are responding. To increase generalization and applicability of biodiversity knowledge,18,19 it is thus crucial to reduce biases in ecological research, particularly in regions projected to face the most pronounced environmental changes. We integrate ecological community metadata of 7,694 sampling sites for multiple or ganism groups in a machine learning model framework to map the research probability across the Brazilian Amazonia, while identifying the region’s vulnerability to environmental change. 15%–18% of the most ne glected areas in ecological research are expected to experience severe climate or land use changes by 2050. This means that unless we take immediate action, we will not be able to establish their current status, much less monitor how it is changing and what is being lostinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio