Habitability, and Evolution of Microorganisms under Extreme Conditions

The choice of a solvent determines the possible biochemistry of life. Life on Earth is based on carbon biochemistry and has evolved in an environment with water as a solvent. As a polar solvent abundant on Earth, water has unique physical properties, including a large range of liquidity and low viscosity, making it a very good solvent for terrestrial life. Liquids other than water are abundant in the universe, and the chemical nature of these liquids might lead to different chemistries of life. In the first chapter, we review the main characteristics of a good solvent, and then we use this knowledge to examine the similarities and differences between water and cryogenic liquid hydrocarbon, methane, and ethane, as potential solvents for life. We argue that at cryogenic temperatures, mobility, and the reaction rate slow down. We discuss that Titan might not be habitable for terrestrial life but having a rich atmosphere and surface lakes of methane and ethane, it might be a habitat for exotic living systems. We then review multiple investigations on two proposed alternative chemistries for life on Titan, Azotosomes, and Silanes, as terrestrial cell membranes cannot form in cryogenic organic solvents. We conclude that there is a need for directing future investigations to planetary bodies that support solvents other than water. As we discuss in the first chapter, life on Earth has evolved around liquid water. Therefore, the presence of liquid water on a planetary body might make it a potential habitat for life. Jupiter’s moon, Europa, is one of the best candidates in the solar system due to the presence of a global saline ocean beneath its icy surface. In the second chapter, we argue that although the extreme conditions of Europa’s ocean (high pressure, low temperature, and high salinity) are not optimal for terrestrial life, microorganisms such as bacteria have shown extraordinary abilities to survive and occupy extreme habitats. Cells constantly adapt themselves to changes in the internal and external environments. Studying the adaptive evolution of bacteria and investigating the signatures of the adaptation under specified simulated conditions in the laboratory can provide a better understanding of the habitability of extreme terrestrial and extraterrestrial environments. We then review a research study done by Yazdani et al. (2019) at the University of Arkansas with an objective to investigate the growth, gene expression, and general strategies used by a mesophilic bacterium, Escherichia coli, to survive and adapt to high concentrations of magnesium sulfate, the proposed dominant salt in Europa’s ocean. We argue that although adaptation to a new environment might take a long time, the adaptive evolution experiments were feasible in laboratory time scales. We also discuss that the bacteria from the laboratory adaptive evolution experiments (called the “adapted sample”) were capable of growing in high concentrations (20% (w/v)) of magnesium sulfate, in which the control population of cells could not grow. We then discuss that a strategy used by bacteria to overcome the osmotic stress was to balance the intake of sulfate and magnesium and prevent water loss based on the study of the regulation of gene expression of adapted and control samples

The Beurling--Malliavin Multiplier Theorem and its analogs for the de Branges spaces

Let $\omega$ be a non-negative function on $\mathbb{R}$. We are looking for a non-zero $f$ from a given space of entire functions $X$ satisfying $$(a) \quad|f|\leq \omega\text{\quad or\quad(b)}\quad |f|\asymp\omega.$$ The classical Beurling--Malliavin Multiplier Theorem corresponds to $(a)$ and the classical Paley--Wiener space as $X$. We survey recent results for the case when $X$ is a de Branges space \he. Numerous answers mainly depend on the behaviour of the phase function of the generating function $E$.Comment: Survey, 25 page

TINJAUAN YURIDIS DALAM PENGEMBALIAN KERUGIAN NEGARA DALAM TINDAK PIDANA KORUPSI JURIDICAL REVIEW IN STATE RETURN OF LOSSES IN CRIMINAL ACTS OF CORRUPTION

Korupsi merupakan suatu perbuatan atau perilaku yang menyimpang dengan tugas dan kewajiban untuk mendapat keuntungan yang bertentangan dengan kebenaran sesuai dengan hukum. Korupsi dapat kita katakan sebagai suatu perbuatan yang tercela dan merugikan masyarakat maupun negara. Mekanisme pengembalian kerugian negara dalam kasus tindak pidana korupsi dapat dilakukan dengan jalur pidana, perdata dan administratif. Pengembalian Kerugian negara melalui jalur pidana dengan prosedur (1) Penelusuran harta kekayaan, (2) Penyitaan asset/harta kekayaan, (3) Penuntutan uang pengganti, dan (4) eksekusi dalam putusan hakim. Pengembalian kerugian Negara melalui jalur perdata dapat dilakukan apabila tersangka kasus pidana korupsi meninggal dunia dan dilakukan penuntutan terhadap ahli waris melalui jalur perdata. Pengembalian kerugian negara melalui jalur administrated dilakukan kepada pegawai negeri sipil dengan ketentuan-ketentuan tertentu dan mekanisme tertentu. Banyak kendala yang menghambat proses pengembalian kerugian negara diantaranya (1) sanksi tuntutan uang pengganti yang dapat digantikan dengan pidana penjara, (2) ketimpangan yang berkaitan dengan undang-undang dalam pemberantasan korupsi. &nbsp

PROMIS Scores for Children with Unilateral Congenital Below Elbow Deficiency (UCBED)

• Patients with unilateral congenital below elbow deficiency (UCBED) are born with a unilateral transverse deficiency at the level of the forearm.• Based on previous studies, these patients have been shown to have milder than expected disability and their impairment is not reduced by using a prosthesis.• This work resulted in changes in practice regarding prosthetic prescription for children with UCBED. However, it did not address the social stigma caused by this impairment, nor did it provide actionable information to improve the functional deficits that these children experience.• Although PROMIS discerns UE function in other congenital arm differences, results for children with UCBED are not known.• This study evaluates their responses to PROMIS Short Form Upper Extremity Function (UEF), Mobility, and Peer Relationships (PR) domains

Manfaat Pengembangan Objek Wisata Pantai Air Manis terhadap Masyarakat

The purpose of this study was to describe the implementation of the archipelago module course on social interaction in the independent student exchange activity program. This study used descriptive qualitative method. The subjects of this study were all students in the independent student exchange program at the University of Mataram. Collecting data using observation, interviews and documentation. The results of the study show that the implementation of the archipelago module has a positive impact on social interaction, namely increasing understanding and appreciation of Indonesia's cultural diversity. Improve communication skills, open job opportunities and increase self-confidence. Obstacles faced during implementation include; lack of qualified teaching staff, limited facilities and infrastructure, difficulties in accessing resources, differences in student backgrounds, lack of support and attention from the campus. The conclusion of this study is that the implementation of the Merdeka Student Exchange Program has a positive impact on social interaction between students, as well as increasing understanding and appreciation of Indonesia's cultural diversity. Meanwhile, in overcoming the obstacles encountered during the implementation of the Nusantara Module course, cooperation is needed between all parties involved in this program, be it the campus, teaching staff, or students.   Keywords: Air Manis Beach, Community, Tourism Object Development, &nbsp

Job Entanglement in the Ministry of Youth and Sports of Iraq: Keys to Success and Challenges

Purpose: In today's world, job stress has become one of the main challenges for organizations. This concept includes a mix of psychological, social, and organizational factors that keep individuals engaged in their work. In dynamic organizations like the Ministry of Youth and Sports of Iraq, understanding and managing these factors can help improve performance and increase employee job satisfaction. Therefore, this research aims to create a job engagement model for the Ministry of Youth and Sports of Iraq employees. The goal is to enhance the Ministry's efficiency and performance by identifying the key factors involved. Methodology: The research used a qualitative approach with grounded theory and the Glaser method. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 12 experts and employees from the Ministry and were analyzed in three stages: open coding, selective coding, and theoretical coding. Findings: The results show that individual, job, and organizational factors influence employee engagement. Among the individual factors, mental health, problem-solving style, and job understanding were identified as key elements that increase job satisfaction and motivation. Job factors such as workload and burnout were also recognized as notable challenges that can affect employee performance. Additionally, organizational culture, employee support, and involvement in decision-making were identified as factors that help improve job engagement. Originality/value: This model provides a detailed framework for understanding the factors that affect employee satisfaction and retention. It also highlights the importance of external collaborations and building social networks to enhance the Ministry's overall efficiency and performance