Local Government Budgeting for Gender Equality

AbstractToday, gender responsive budgeting approach is adopted to participate in women's social, cultural and gender life more effectively in the economic sphere by local government. Gender responsive budgeting is to strengthen the equality perspective at all stages of the budget process to approaching gender equality in public institutions and organizations, or to reduce inequalities. Gender responsive budgeting, is reflected in the male-female equality instead of a separate budget for women. As stated in the 5018 Public Financial Management and Control Law, public institutions and organizations made strategic plans and the budget of institutions must be prepared depending on strategic plans. If expenditure is not in the strategic plan, an allocation in the budget is impossible. It is important that the preparation of the strategic plan is the basis for gender responsive budgeting. Allocations have been increasing day by day at modern societies that value to positive discrimination. This study has been investigated the gender equality approach in 39 districts in Istanbul. Data were obtained from TUIK's data population of 2014. To clarify the distinction created by the gender equality approach has benefited from the cluster analysis. Thus, the district has been determined whether the rates are close together in the same group. The hierarchical method was used in 39 districts because clustering number of sets wanted to predetermine. Ward's (variance) method depending on hierarchical clustering method is adopted. The results were visualized by Dendrogram. The Euclidean distance measure has been applied for determining the distance between criteria. Consequently, it is analysed in detail how the budgets of districts in Istanbul organized by gender equality approach

On The Expected Values of Distribution of the Sample Range of Order Statistics from the Geometric Distribution

The expected values of the distribution of the sample range of order statistics from the geometric distribution are presented. For n up to 10, algebraic expressions for the expected values are obtained. Using the algebraic expressions, expected values based on the p and n values can be easily computed

Antimicrobial properties of bioactive compounds isolated from epidermal mucus in two Ray species (Dasyatis marmorata and Gymnura altavela)

Purpose: To investigate the occurrence and antimicrobial effects of certain biochemical compounds in the epidermal mucus secretions of fish and to demonstrate their potential for biomedical applications.Methods: Crude, aqueous, and acidic epidermal mucus samples were collected from live ray specimens. Gas chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analyses were performed to identify the biochemical compounds present in the mucus. The spectrophotometric broth microdilution method was used to determine the antibacterial and antifungal properties of the mucus extracts. The bacterial strains, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, and Klebsiella pneumonia, were used for the tests, as well as the fungal strains, Candida parapsilosis and Candida albicans.Results: GC/MS analysis revealed the presence of several hydrocarbon-derived compounds in the epidermal mucus of the two ray species. The acidic extract of G. altavela epidermal mucus produced a high MIC value, indicating the highest inhibitory effect of 8.64 μL against E. coli, while the crude extract of G. altavela epidermal mucus (41.13 μL against B. subtilis) was the least effective. Conclusion: Epidermal mucus extracts, especially when acid-based, displays strong antimicrobial properties against all the tested pathogens. These findings suggest the plants possess some potential for the development of novel antimicrobial components for applications in medicine. Keywords: Fish, Ray species, Epidermal mucus, Antimicrobial properties, Bioactive compound

Labor use in greenhouse tomato production: a case study from Kumluca district of Antalya province, Turkey

Purpose of this study was to determine labor use by gender in greenhouse tomato production in Antalya province, Turkey. The main material of the study consisted of data obtained from surveys, which were conducted by face-to face interviews with tomato farmers in Kumluca district in Antalya province. Simple Random Sampling Method was used to determine the number of farms to be included in the survey. The number of samples representing the population was calculated as 106. Results showed that family labor use per decare in tomato production was 242.63 hours/year. It was determined that 49.87% of family labor was male and 50.13% was female. Foreign labor use per decare was 35.02 hours/year. It was found that 20.36% of foreign labor was male and 79.64% was female. It was found that male and female in the 15-49 age group worked more than other age groups. In family labor use, it was found that males worked more in plowing, irrigation, pesticide application and fertilizing activities, whereas women worked with men in many activities but mostly worked in pruning, rope tying, harvesting and classification. It was found that foreign labor was mostly women and they worked in pruning (disbudding), rope tying, harvesting and classification activities

Frequency of intestinal parasites in employees of a state hospital

Objectives: The prevalence of intestinal parasites isdifferent in our country and the world. Population move-ments, inadequate infrastructure, seasonal features, tra-ditional hygienic rules, the society’s socio-economic sta-tus and education level are factors that affect the distribu-tion of intestinal parasites. In the study, it was intendedto conduct porter analysis on Malatya State Hospital em-ployees. So, we aimed at determining the rate of intestinalparasites in the laboratory workers, kitchen staff, cleanersand nurses.Materials and Methods: From Malatya State hospitalstaff, perianal area materials and stool samples with cel-lophane tape method were collected. Examples wereexamined with native-Lugol, precipitation, and acid-fasttrichrome stains.Results: In 40.8% of 76 stools that were examined wasfound to positivity. The prevalences of parasites are 17.1Entamoeba coli, 6.6% Iodamoeba butschlii, 19.7% Blastocystishominis, 1.3% Chilomastix mesnilii, 5.3% Giardiaintestinalis and 1.3% Enterobius vermicularis.Conclusion: In the study, the studied staffs are healthworkers. Therefore, since the staffs working close contactwith patients were risk group in terms of infections, it wasrecommended that health staff susceptible to parasitesshould have a medical examination regularly and receivein-service training

Mitochondrial physiology

As the knowledge base and importance of mitochondrial physiology to evolution, health and disease expands, the necessity for harmonizing the terminology concerning mitochondrial respiratory states and rates has become increasingly apparent. The chemiosmotic theory establishes the mechanism of energy transformation and coupling in oxidative phosphorylation. The unifying concept of the protonmotive force provides the framework for developing a consistent theoretical foundation of mitochondrial physiology and bioenergetics. We follow the latest SI guidelines and those of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) on terminology in physical chemistry, extended by considerations of open systems and thermodynamics of irreversible processes. The concept-driven constructive terminology incorporates the meaning of each quantity and aligns concepts and symbols with the nomenclature of classical bioenergetics. We endeavour to provide a balanced view of mitochondrial respiratory control and a critical discussion on reporting data of mitochondrial respiration in terms of metabolic flows and fluxes. Uniform standards for evaluation of respiratory states and rates will ultimately contribute to reproducibility between laboratories and thus support the development of data repositories of mitochondrial respiratory function in species, tissues, and cells. Clarity of concept and consistency of nomenclature facilitate effective transdisciplinary communication, education, and ultimately further discovery

Mitochondrial physiology

As the knowledge base and importance of mitochondrial physiology to evolution, health and disease expands, the necessity for harmonizing the terminology concerning mitochondrial respiratory states and rates has become increasingly apparent. The chemiosmotic theory establishes the mechanism of energy transformation and coupling in oxidative phosphorylation. The unifying concept of the protonmotive force provides the framework for developing a consistent theoretical foundation of mitochondrial physiology and bioenergetics. We follow the latest SI guidelines and those of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) on terminology in physical chemistry, extended by considerations of open systems and thermodynamics of irreversible processes. The concept-driven constructive terminology incorporates the meaning of each quantity and aligns concepts and symbols with the nomenclature of classical bioenergetics. We endeavour to provide a balanced view of mitochondrial respiratory control and a critical discussion on reporting data of mitochondrial respiration in terms of metabolic flows and fluxes. Uniform standards for evaluation of respiratory states and rates will ultimately contribute to reproducibility between laboratories and thus support the development of data repositories of mitochondrial respiratory function in species, tissues, and cells. Clarity of concept and consistency of nomenclature facilitate effective transdisciplinary communication, education, and ultimately further discovery

The evaluation of psychological status in newly diagnosed chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients

BACKGROUND: As chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and its symptoms may change psychological attributes, psychiatric disorders may be seen in COPD. AIMS: We aimed to assess the effect of taking diagnosis of COPD and using bronchodilator therapy on the psychological status of COPD patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: It is a cross-sectional study including newly diagnosed COPD outpatients. Spirometry, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire (SGRQ) were performed at the first visit (date of new diagnosis) and 6 months later as the second visit. RESULTS: Ninety new diagnosed COPD patients (71 men and 19 women) with a mean age of 61.7 ± 9.8 were included. There were high scores of anxiety in 23.5% and depression in 38.2% (HADS)–52.9% (BDI) patients at the first visit. The symptoms about anxiety reduced to 19%, depression to 33.3% (HADS)/47.6% (BDI) six months later. All the participants who were active smokers had lower spirometric levels (42.9%) at the second visit compared with the first visit levels. There was an improvement in psychological status and quality of life (QOL) (P < 0.001). There was a negative correlation between SGRQ score and forced expiratory volume in 1 s levels (P = 0.045) and positive correlation of SGRQ score with HAD and BDI scores (P = 0.041 and 0.011). Participants who quitted smoking in 6-month period had statistically lower anxiety and depression scores (P = 0.003 and 0.026). CONCLUSION: Depression and anxiety states are frequent among COPD patients. Pulmonary symptoms may regress with the bronchodilator therapy at newly diagnosed COPD patients, which can cause an improvement in pulmonary functions, psychological status, and QOL. Psychological aspects need to be carefully assessed in patients with new diagnosis of COPD

Frequency and importance of herbal use among presurgical patients: A prospective cohort study

Aim: Herbal medicine has been used by humankind since ancient times. However, its popularity has increased in the last 20-30 years. In addition to the production, presentation and marketing of herbal medicines, their effects on the body are also very complex. Uncertainty about the effects of these drugs on the body has increased the importance of pre-anesthetic evaluation. To determine the frequency of herbal drug use in patients presenting for preoperative evaluation and to highlight its importance in anesthetic practice.Method: It was designed as a prospective study with observational-analytical character. Patients over 12 years of age presenting to the Anesthesia Outpatient Clinic of our hospital for pre-anesthetic assessment were interviewed about their use of herbal medicines for 2 months. Patients who used herbal medicines were asked about the medicines they used.Results: A total of 2712 patients were evaluated. Of the patients attending the outpatient clinic, 2367 were over 12 years of age. The use of herbal drugs was found to be 1.18% (n=28). Among the patients who used herbal medicines, 53.6% were female and the mean age was 52.18±15.87 years. The most commonly used herbal medicines were black cumin, green tea, ginger, turmeric, cinnamon, and olive leaf.Conclusions: The use of herbal medicines may be much higher than detected in patients presenting for pre-anesthetic examination. As the effects of herbal products are very uncertain, they may interact with anesthetic drugs. They can prolong bleeding time, increase blood pressure and cause heart problems. For these reasons, they should be closely questioned in the pre-anesthetic examination and discontinued before surgery

ŞİZOFRENİDE NİKOTİN VE ALKOL BAĞIMLILIĞI

Schizophrenia is a neurodevelopmental brain disease and a severe psychiatric disorder which is seen approximately in 1% of the society. About the half of the individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia have substance abuse story, and this rate is higher than the general population. Alcohol dependence, smoking and substance abuse has been reported very often in schizophrenia. Especially smoking rate is very high in patients with schizophrenia. The aim of this paper is to briefly review the literature related to the relationship between schizophrenia and nicotine-alcohol dependency