ANALISIS PENGARUH AKTIVITAS PASAR KAPASAN BARU TERHADAP KINERJA LALU LINTAS JALAN KAPASAN KOTA SURABAYA

Traffic congestion on roads is a problem that is often encountered in developing countries such as Indonesia. The shoulder of the road that is used as a parking lot is something that causes congestion. The situation above is currently happening at Pasar Kapasan Baru Surabaya. Pasar Kapasan Baru is a clothing wholesaler located on Jalan Kapasan, Sidodadi, Simokerto District, Surabaya City. Kapasan road has a length of ± 1 km. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of market activity on traffic performance around the market based on vehicle volume, road geometric conditions, and side barriers. The data obtained from a direct survey at the research site was processed based on the formula in the 1997 MKJI. The survey results on Monday showed the maximum traffic volume of 2,452 pcu/hour at 16.00-17.00 WIB, the value of the free flow speed of vehicles (FV) was 52 .1 km/hour, capacity (C) of 2,983.2 pcu/hour, degree of saturation (DS) of 0.82, service level (LOS) in category D. The results of the survey on Tuesday obtained a maximum traffic volume of 2,846 junior high school/hour at 16.00-17.00 WIB, vehicle free flow speed (FV) of 54.61 km/hour, capacity (C) of 3,095.4 pcu/hour, degree of saturation (DS) of 0.92, service level ( LOS) in category E. If the four lanes on Jalan Kapasan are used properly, then the capacity value is 5,966.4 pcu/hour on Monday and 6,190.8 pcu/hour on Tuesday, the degree of saturation (DS) is 0.41 on Monday and 0.46 on Tuesday. Service level (LOS) category A. This shows that the road can still serve traffic well. Keywords: market activity, traffic, degree of saturation, capacity, level of service

Grading and metastable effects in admittance spectroscopy of CIGS-based solar cells

Cu(In, Ga)Se2-based (CIGS) solar cells have achieved efficiencies up to 20%. Despite these excellent results, the understanding of the underlying mechanisms and the influence of defects on their performance is still incomplete. The determination of the energetic position of the defects and of their density of states is important. Admittance spectroscopy is an adequate technique for this. By varying the external voltage during the measurement, the spatial position where the defect distribution is sensed can be varied. However, the application of external biases can lead to metastable effects in the absorber and therefore to defect relaxation and changes in the doping distribution. Hence, it is important to separate between the effects caused by metastable changes and the change in sensing position of the admittance spectroscopy measurement. This can be achieved by varying the applied voltage during the creation of the metastable state and the measurement itself independently or simultaneously. Admittance spectroscopy under different bias voltage conditions performed on a flexible CIGS-based solar cell are presented and assessed

Rekomendasi Material Pada Perancangan Meja dan Kursi Pinisi Resto Situ Patenggang

ABSTRAK Jawa Barat terkenal dengan banyaknya objek wisata yang dikunjungi oleh wisatawan, baik domestik ataupun mancanegara. Bandung juga memiliki wisata kuliner dan wisata belanja yang menjadi daya tarik tersendiri untuk menarik wisatawan. Pinisi Resto menjadi salah satu tempat favorit wisatawan untuk menikmati alam dan kuliner. Namun terdapat masalah bagi pengelola terhadap fasilitas kursi dan meja Pinisi Resto di saat tertentu, oleh karena itu penulis merancang produk yang dapat mengatasi masalah atau kesulitan pada pinisi resto. Penelitian ini menyoroti sebuah metodologi untuk merancang meja makan dan kursi untuk Pinisi Resto dengan mengimpletasikan aspek material, guna menjadikan produk yang aman, nyaman serta minim dan mudah dalam segi perawatan. Penerapan material yan tepat pada suatu produk akan menjadi nilai tambah bagi sebuah produk. Studi kasus penelitian ini adalah di Pinisi resto situ patenggang. Rancangan Ini memiliki fitur spesial dibandingkan dengan sarana duduk yang telah ada. Dikarenakan gaya hidup masyarakat pada saat sekarang ini yang menuntut segala sesuatunya serba praktis dan modern, berpengaruh pula pada desain-desain produk dalam memenuhi kebutuhan keseharian mereka agar produk rancangan lebih tepat guna dan memiliki nilai kegunaan yang lebih dan dapat dipertanggung jawabkan. Kata kunci: Wisata, Meja, Kursi, Pinisi Resto, Materia

The chemistry of group-VIb metal carbonyls

The special interest attached to the chemistry of metal carbonyls arises from several causes. While quite distinct from the metal carbonyls in the organometallic compounds, they differ in physical properties (e.g., their volatility) from all other compounds of the transition metals. Chemically, they constitute a group of compounds in which the formal valency of the metal atoms is zero, and in this respect (apart, perhaps, from the ammoniates of the alkali metals) they are comparable only with the recently discovered compounds. As a class, the carbonyls are reactive compounds, and a number of new types of inorganic compounds have been discovered. In the concepts for new products, performance, product safety, and product economy criteria are equally important. They are taken into account already when the raw material base for a new industrial product development is defined. Since the discovery of nickel carbonyl by Mond and Langer in 1888, the carbonyls of the iron group and of chromium, molybdenum and tungsten have found important technical applications, e.g., in the Mond nickel process, and for the preparation of the metals in a state of subdivision and of purity suitable for powder metallurgy, for catalysts, etc. The reaction mechanism of the processes developed for producing the carbonyls technically has only recently received its interpretations. Within the space of review it is necessary to limit discussion to a few topics. Particular stress has accordingly laid upon (a) the chemical bonding in metal carbonyls, (b) importance of IR and NMR spectroscopy in characterization of metal carbonyls, (c) substitution reactions of G-VIb metal carbonyls, (d) kinetics and mechanism of substitution reactions in metal carbonyls, (e) substituted complexes of G-VIb metal carbonyl, (f) chelate complexes of G-VIb metal carbonyls, (g) uses of G-VIb metal carbonyl complexes and (h) studies done on G-VIb metal carbonyls

Greening the Personal Internet Use: Findings from a literature review

Research addressing the greening of internet user behaviors at hedonic and utilitarian levels is scarce. To identify dimensions, scales and strong relationships arising from motivation, we reviewed a sample of research articles related to the personal green IT context. We used Self-determination theory as the theoretical framework to categorize factors into different motivation dimensions. A qualitative literature review analyzes five pair-wise associations between motivation constructs of the theory and green IT use. This work builds on the prior research related to environmental motivation by summarizing the measures applied to the evaluation of personal green IT behaviors and by examining the relationships broadly defined in the Self-determination theory, distinguishing between hedonic and utilitarian green IT use

Assignment of capacitance spectroscopy signals of CIGS solar cells to effects of non-ohmic contacts

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Challenges and opportunities for an efficiency boost of next generation Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cells: prospects for a paradigm shift

Cu(In,Ga)Se2 photovoltaic technology has notably progressed over the past years. Power conversion efficiencies above 23% were reached in spite of the polycrystalline nature of the absorber. Although efficiencies are still far from the practical limits, the material quality is approaching that of III?V compounds that yield the most efficient solar cells. The high carrier lifetime, low open circuit voltage deficit and external radiative efficiency in the single-digit percentage range suggest that the next efficiency boost may arise from the implementation of alternative device architectures. In this perspective paper, we describe the current challenges and pathways to enhance the power conversion efficiency of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cells. Specifically, we suggest the use of non-graded absorbers, integration of charge selective contacts and maximization of photon recycling. We examine these concepts by a semi-empirical device modelling approach, and show that these strategies can lead to efficiencies of 29% under the AM1.5 global spectrum. An analysis of whether or not current state-of-the-art Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cells already benefit from photon recycling is also presented.This work received financial support partially from the Swiss State Secretary for Education, Research and Innovation (SERI) under contract number 17.00105 (EMPIR project HyMet) and from the Swiss Federal Office of Energy (SFOE) (SI/501614-01 “ImproCIS”). The EMPIR programme is co-financed by the Participating States and by the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme

Monolithic CIGS-Perovskite Tandem Cell for an Optimal Light Harvesting Without Current Matching

We present a novel monolithic architecture for optimal light harvesting in multijunction thin film solar cells. In the configuration we consider, formed by a perovskite (PVK) cell overlying a CIGS cell, the current extracted from the two different junctions is decoupled by the insertion of a dielectric nonperiodic photonic multilayer structure. This photonic multilayer is designed by an inverse integration approach to confine the incident sunlight above the PVK band gap in the PVK absorber layer, while increasing the transparency for sunlight below the PVK band gap for an efficient coupling into the CIGS bottom cell. To match the maximum power point voltages in a parallel connection of the PVK and CIGS cells, the latter is divided into two subcells by means of a standard three-laser scribing connection. Using realistic parameters for all the layers in the multijunction architecture we predict power conversion efficiencies of 28%. This represents an improvement of 24% and 26% over the best CIGS and PVK single-junction cells, respectively, while at the same time outperforms the corresponding current-matched standard tandem configuration by more than two percentage points.Peer ReviewedPostprint (author's final draft