An improved negative selection algorithm based on the hybridization of cuckoo search and differential evolution for anomaly detection

The biological immune system (BIS) is characterized by networks of cells, tissues, and organs communicating and working in synchronization. It also has the ability to learn, recognize, and remember, thus providing the solid foundation for the development of Artificial Immune System (AIS). Since the emergence of AIS, it has proved itself as an area of computational intelligence. Real-Valued Negative Selection Algorithm with Variable-Sized Detectors (V-Detectors) is an offspring of AIS and demonstrated its potentials in the field of anomaly detection. The V-Detectors algorithm depends greatly on the random detectors generated in monitoring the status of a system. These randomly generated detectors suffer from not been able to adequately cover the non-self space, which diminishes the detection performance of the V-Detectors algorithm. This research therefore proposed CSDE-V-Detectors which entail the use of the hybridization of Cuckoo Search (CS) and Differential Evolution (DE) in optimizing the random detectors of the V-Detectors. The DE is integrated with CS at the population initialization by distributing the population linearly. This linear distribution gives the population a unique, stable, and progressive distribution process. Thus, each individual detector is characteristically different from the other detectors. CSDE capabilities of global search, and use of L´evy flight facilitates the effectiveness of the detector set in the search space. In comparison with V-Detectors, cuckoo search, differential evolution, support vector machine, artificial neural network, na¨ıve bayes, and k-NN, experimental results demonstrates that CSDE-V-Detectors outperforms other algorithms with an average detection rate of 95:30% on all the datasets. This signifies that CSDE-V-Detectors can efficiently attain highest detection rates and lowest false alarm rates for anomaly detection. Thus, the optimization of the randomly detectors of V-Detectors algorithm with CSDE is proficient and suitable for anomaly detection tasks

Gender differences in mathematics and integrated science achievement among junior secondary school students

Purpose – This study examined gender differences in Mathematics and Integrated Science achievement among the Junior Secondary School students with particular interest on the interaction effect of gender and school type on students’ achievement. Method – The study adopted an ex-post facto research design and generated data from an inventory from the statistics unit, Ministry of Education, Ado Ekiti, Nigeria Public Junior Secondary Schools(JSS). The inventory requested among other things, data on the Junior Secondary School Certifi cate Examinations (JSSCE) in Mathematics and Integrated Science over a two year period. Findings – The study revealed that, signifi cant difference was detected in students’ Science achievement; no signifi cant difference between male and female students in private and public schools; a strong interaction effect were detected between gender of the students, the type of school attended and achievement of students in Mathematics and Integrated Science; the average achievement gap of male and female students irrespective of the school type is statistically significant in both Mathematics and Integrated Science, also, the strength of relationship between the gender of the students and the type of school attended is slightly stronger in Integrated Science than Mathematics. Value – The possible implications for the study is discussed and addressed to the government and other stakeholders in education

Role of Governance in Explaining Domestic Investment in Nigeria

This study empirically examines the pattern of domestic investment that is consistent with a neoclassical supply-side model of the Nigerian economy. The estimations are carried out with time-series data from 1970 to 2006 using the Johansen estimation techniques. The results conform to the findings of existing literature that real output, user cost of capital, and the level of financial development are significant determinants of domestic investment in Nigeria. The distinctive feature of the study is the significant role played by governance in explaining the long-term pattern of domestic investment in Nigeria. The results from the long-run estimation and the impulse responses revealed that a well-structured and stable socio-economic environment will boost domestic investment over the long run. Therefore, in modelling domestic investment for Nigeria, it is imperative to incorporate the significant role played by governance.Investment; Governance; Nigeria

The role of trust as a mediator in the relationship between technology factors and intention to accept internet banking in Nigeria

This study had been carried out to investigate factors that influence the intention to accept internet banking and examined the mediating role of trust between technology factors and the intention to accept an internet banking. This study reviewed related technology acceptance theories and trust models. The decomposed theory of planned behaviour, innovation diffusion theory and trustworthiness technology were adopted. The aforementioned adopted models suggested five main factors namely; perceived behaviour control, attitude, subjective norm, trust and intention to accept internet banking. This was a quantitative research method. Questionnaire was adopted to 559 bank customers within Lagos, Port-harcourt and Abuja in Nigeria. The response rate is 55.85%, representing 391 worth questionnaires. SPSS and AMOS version 20 tools were utilized to analyze the data in reference to descriptive statistics, standardized regression and mediation effects. The initial model without mediation analyzes revealed 71% variance (R2) in customer intent to accept internet banking. However, when modified with trust mediating factors, the results revealed 74% variance, implying that trust contributed a 3% to the model. Consequently serves as a partial mediator towards the intention to accept internet banking in Nigeria. As a result, thorough understanding of this may assist practitioners in analyzing reason(s) for slow pace in acceptance of the technology, provide efficient measures to improving customers’ acceptance and provide an insight for academia about internet usage in Nigeria. Future studies can be directed towards replicating the use of this model in other locations and different analytical techniques

Effect of aspect ratio on transverse diffusive broadening: A lattice Boltzmann study

We study scaling laws characterizing the inter-diffusive zone between two miscible fluids flowing side by side in a Y-shape laminar micromixer using the lattice Boltzmann method. The lattice Boltzmann method solves the coupled 3D hydrodynamics and mass transfer equations and incorporates intrinsic features of 3D flows related to this problem. We observe the different power law regimes occurring at the center of the channel and close to the top/bottom wall. The extent of the inter-diffusive zone scales as square root of the axial distance at the center of the channel. At the top/bottom wall, we find an exponent 1/3 at early stages of mixing as observed in the experiments of Ismagilov and coworkers [Appl. Phys. Lett. 76, 2376 (2000)]. At a larger distance from the entrance, the scaling exponent close to the walls changes to 1/2 [J.-B. Salmon et al J. Appl. Phys. 101, 074902 (2007)]. Here, we focus on the effect of finite aspect ratio on diffusive broadening. Interestingly, we find the same scaling laws regardless of the channel's aspect ratio. However,the point at which the exponent 1/3 characterizing the broadening at the top/bottom wall reverts to the normal diffusive behavior downstream strongly depends on the aspect ratio. We propose an interpretation of this observation in terms of shear rate at the side walls. A criterion for the range of aspect ratios with non-negligible effect on diffusive broadening is also provided.Comment: 19 pages, 7 figure

Bilateral Official Finance for Private Sector Development and the Role of Non-Government Organizations

official finance, private sector development, NGOs, catalytic effects, additionality effects, aid instruments, aid delivery