Message Journal, Issue 5: COVID-19 SPECIAL ISSUE Capturing visual insights, thoughts and reflections on 2020/21 and beyond...

If there is a theme running through the Message Covid-19 special issue, it is one of caring. Of our own and others’ resilience and wellbeing, of friendship and community, of students, practitioners and their futures, of social justice, equality and of doing the right thing. The veins of designing with care run through the edition, wide and deep. It captures, not designers as heroes, but those with humble views, exposing the need to understand a diversity of perspectives when trying to comprehend the complexity that Covid-19 continues to generate. As graphic designers, illustrators and visual communicators, contributors have created, documented, written, visualised, reflected, shared, connected and co-created, designed for good causes and re-defined what it is to be a student, an academic and a designer during the pandemic. This poignant period in time has driven us, through isolation, towards new rules of living, and new ways of working; to see and map the world in a different light. A light that is uncertain, disjointed, and constantly being redefined. This Message issue captures responses from the graphic communication design community in their raw state, to allow contributors to communicate their experiences through both their written and visual voice. Thus, the reader can discern as much from the words as the design and visualisations. Through this issue a substantial number of contributions have focused on personal reflection, isolation, fear, anxiety and wellbeing, as well as reaching out to community, making connections and collaborating. This was not surprising in a world in which connection with others has often been remote, and where ‘normal’ social structures of support and care have been broken down. We also gain insight into those who are using graphic communication design to inspire and capture new ways of teaching and learning, developing themselves as designers, educators, and activists, responding to social justice and to do good; gaining greater insight into society, government actions and conspiracy. Introduction: Victoria Squire - Coping with Covid: Community, connection and collaboration: James Alexander & Carole Evans, Meg Davies, Matthew Frame, Chae Ho Lee, Alma Hoffmann, Holly K. Kaufman-Hill, Joshua Korenblat, Warren Lehrer, Christine Lhowe, Sara Nesteruk, Cat Normoyle & Jessica Teague, Kyuha Shim. - Coping with Covid: Isolation, wellbeing and hope: Sadia Abdisalam, Tom Ayling, Jessica Barness, Megan Culliford, Stephanie Cunningham, Sofija Gvozdeva, Hedzlynn Kamaruzzaman, Merle Karp, Erica V. P. Lewis, Kelly Salchow Macarthur, Steven McCarthy, Shelly Mayers, Elizabeth Shefrin, Angelica Sibrian, David Smart, Ane Thon Knutsen, Isobel Thomas, Darryl Westley. - Coping with Covid: Pedagogy, teaching and learning: Bernard J Canniffe, Subir Dey, Aaron Ganci, Elizabeth Herrmann, John Kilburn, Paul Nini, Emily Osborne, Gianni Sinni & Irene Sgarro, Dave Wood, Helena Gregory, Colin Raeburn & Jackie Malcolm. - Coping with Covid: Social justice, activism and doing good: Class Action Collective, Xinyi Li, Matt Soar, Junie Tang, Lisa Winstanley. - Coping with Covid: Society, control and conspiracy: Diana Bîrhală, Maria Borțoi, Patti Capaldi, Tânia A. Cardoso, Peter Gibbons, Bianca Milea, Rebecca Tegtmeyer, Danne Wo

Raukumara Basin, North Island, New Zealand: Seismic Stratigraphy, Depositional History and Petroleum System Implications

Raukumara Basin lies beneath Raukumara Plain and Raukumara Peninsula, north-eastern North Island, New Zealand. Published work has established a megasequence seismic-stratigraphic framework for the basin, which contains an estimated sediment thickness of >13 km. Seismic surveys in 2007 and 2011 acquired 4,500 line km of high-quality seismic data. This study uses both the 2007 and 2011 survey and is the first study to map the four megasequences (RAU-MS-W, RAU-MS-X, RAU-MS-Y, and RAU-MS-Z) across the basin using the combined dataset. The basin evolved through four tectonic phases, with each megasequence relating to a phase: Gondwana margin subduction (RAU-MS-W; Cretaceous); passive margin burial (RAU-MS-X; Cretaceous-Oligocene); allochthon emplacement during inception of the Hikurangi subduction margin (RAU-MS-Y; Early Miocene); and subduction margin underplating, deformation and volcanism (RAU-MS-Z; Miocene-Recent). Petroleum source rocks are inferred to be correlatives of the Whangai and Waipawa Formations and possibly the Karekare Formation, mapped as sequences within RAU-MS-X. Reservoir rocks are Eocene, Oligocene and Miocene Sandstone and landslide facies (upper RAU-MS-X, RAU-MS-Y, and RAU-MS-Z). Seal units are mudstones that are inferred to be widespread in RAU-MS-X and RAU-MS-Z, and the basal detachment surface or internal faults within RAU-MS-Y. The critical moment for the petroleum system is within the Early Miocene, after emplacement of RAU-MS-Y and during initial deposition of RAU-MS-Z. The inception of tectonic activity during the Eocene–Early Miocene created sedimentary source areas for reservoir sandstones as topography and structures formed. Four play concepts were identified. An anticlinal play in RAU-MS-X has an inferred Eocene sandstone reservoir and a mudstone seal. An unconformity play, with truncation of RAU-MS-X against the base of RAU-MS-Y that juxtaposes a potential Oligocene sandstone reservoir against an Early Miocene fault seal. An allochthon play within RAU-MS-Y that has possible sandstone reservoir units of Cretaceous–Eocene age enhanced by fracture permeability, and sealed by an overlying marine mudstone of RAU-MS-Z. A basal sandstone play with Early Miocene sandstone or conglomerate reservoir at the base of RAU-MS-Z, channelled into and contained by troughs on the top surface of RAU-MS-Y, and sealed by mudstone. I suggest that Raukumara Basin is likely to contain all the elements of a petroleum system, but the qualities of reservoir and source rocks are identified as significant risks. The basin is unusual for New Zealand because the basin is history is inferred to be entirely marine, which may mean that source rocks could be oil-prone (type 2) and that oil: gas ratios may be higher than in other New Zealand petroleum provinces. Onshore oil seeps are consistent with this conclusion and suggest that the offshore region could be prospective. The basin is relatively slightly deformed, as compared to farther south and onshore, and may hence host large accumulations of petroleum

Raukumara Basin, North Island, New Zealand: Seismic Stratigraphy, Depositional History and Petroleum System Implications

Raukumara Basin lies beneath Raukumara Plain and Raukumara Peninsula, north-eastern North Island, New Zealand. Published work has established a megasequence seismic-stratigraphic framework for the basin, which contains an estimated sediment thickness of >13 km. Seismic surveys in 2007 and 2011 acquired 4,500 line km of high-quality seismic data. This study uses both the 2007 and 2011 survey and is the first study to map the four megasequences (RAU-MS-W, RAU-MS-X, RAU-MS-Y, and RAU-MS-Z) across the basin using the combined dataset. The basin evolved through four tectonic phases, with each megasequence relating to a phase: Gondwana margin subduction (RAU-MS-W; Cretaceous); passive margin burial (RAU-MS-X; Cretaceous-Oligocene); allochthon emplacement during inception of the Hikurangi subduction margin (RAU-MS-Y; Early Miocene); and subduction margin underplating, deformation and volcanism (RAU-MS-Z; Miocene-Recent). Petroleum source rocks are inferred to be correlatives of the Whangai and Waipawa Formations and possibly the Karekare Formation, mapped as sequences within RAU-MS-X. Reservoir rocks are Eocene, Oligocene and Miocene Sandstone and landslide facies (upper RAU-MS-X, RAU-MS-Y, and RAU-MS-Z). Seal units are mudstones that are inferred to be widespread in RAU-MS-X and RAU-MS-Z, and the basal detachment surface or internal faults within RAU-MS-Y. The critical moment for the petroleum system is within the Early Miocene, after emplacement of RAU-MS-Y and during initial deposition of RAU-MS-Z. The inception of tectonic activity during the Eocene–Early Miocene created sedimentary source areas for reservoir sandstones as topography and structures formed. Four play concepts were identified. An anticlinal play in RAU-MS-X has an inferred Eocene sandstone reservoir and a mudstone seal. An unconformity play, with truncation of RAU-MS-X against the base of RAU-MS-Y that juxtaposes a potential Oligocene sandstone reservoir against an Early Miocene fault seal. An allochthon play within RAU-MS-Y that has possible sandstone reservoir units of Cretaceous–Eocene age enhanced by fracture permeability, and sealed by an overlying marine mudstone of RAU-MS-Z. A basal sandstone play with Early Miocene sandstone or conglomerate reservoir at the base of RAU-MS-Z, channelled into and contained by troughs on the top surface of RAU-MS-Y, and sealed by mudstone. I suggest that Raukumara Basin is likely to contain all the elements of a petroleum system, but the qualities of reservoir and source rocks are identified as significant risks. The basin is unusual for New Zealand because the basin is history is inferred to be entirely marine, which may mean that source rocks could be oil-prone (type 2) and that oil: gas ratios may be higher than in other New Zealand petroleum provinces. Onshore oil seeps are consistent with this conclusion and suggest that the offshore region could be prospective. The basin is relatively slightly deformed, as compared to farther south and onshore, and may hence host large accumulations of petroleum.</p

Interannual climate variability in the Miocene: High resolution trace element and stable isotope ratios in giant clams

High resolution stable isotope and trace elemental ratios of a recent Tridacna squamosa from Vietnam and a Middle to Late Miocene (10–13 Ma) Tridacna gigas from Indonesia are presented. The seasonal pattern of modern sea surface temperature (SST) variability offshore Vietnam is faithfully recorded in the δ18O of the T. squamosa shell carbonate, confirming the potential of Tridacna shells as sub-annual resolution climate archives. Cultivation of the T. squamosa specimen in controlled conditions after recovery from the natural environment facilitated a quantitative calibration of the δ18O signal to ambient water temperatures. An age model for the Miocene T. gigas shell from Indonesia was therefore constructed on the basis of its δ18O profile, assuming a single-peak annual SST cycle. The magnitude of these oscillations was 5–7 °C. Mg/Ca and the growth-banding pattern in the Miocene T. gigas correlates well with shell δ18O during the later part of the organism's lifespan. Ba/Ca is negatively correlated to Mg/Ca, with a lag of several months, suggesting a different phasing of the annual primary productivity cycle from that of SST. Furthermore, δ18O and Mg/Ca show prominent deviations to warmer conditions with a periodicity of ~ 3 years. These shifts demonstrate the existence of substantial interannual sea surface temperature variability in the Miocene, a period with elevated global temperatures compared to the present day

Nitrous oxide-induced subacute combined degeneration of the cord: diagnosis and treatment.

Recreational use of nitrous oxide (NO) has increased rapidly in recent years and is now the second most commonly used recreational drug among young people in the UK. There has been a corresponding rise in cases of nitrous oxide-induced subacute combined degeneration of the cord (NO-SACD), a pattern of myeloneuropathy usually associated with severe vitamin B deficiency. This can cause serious and permanent disability in young people but, if recognised early, may be effectively treated. All neurologists should be aware of NO-SACD and its treatment; however, there are currently no agreed guidelines. Based on our experience in East London, an area of high NO use, we provide practical advice on its recognition, investigation and treatment

Loss of Consciousness at Onset of Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage is Associated with Functional Outcomes in Good-Grade Patients

Background Transient loss of consciousness (LOC) is one of the most common presentations of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and may be an indicator of early brain injury. In this study, we examined the association of LOC and functional outcomes in patients with good-grade SAH. Methods We searched the Subarachnoid Hemorrhage International Trialists Repository for patients who presented with LOC at ictus of SAH. A propensity score analysis was performed on good-grade patients (defined as World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies grade 1–3) to balance selected covariates between those with and without LOC. The primary outcome was Glasgow Outcome Score (GOS) at 3 months (with poor outcome defined as a GOS of 1–3). Secondary outcomes were delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI), rebleed, length of hospital stay, and time to death. Results A propensity score-matching algorithm identified 336 patients (168 with and 168 without LOC at ictus). The proportion of patients with poor functional outcome at 3 months was significantly higher in the cohort with LOC at ictus compared with the matched cohort without LOC at ictus (30% vs. 19%; P = 0.02). There was a nonsignificant trend toward greater mortality in the patients with LOC at ictus (19% vs. 13%; P = 0.14). There were no significant differences in the secondary outcomes between the 2 cohorts. Conclusions LOC at ictus of SAH is associated with a higher rate of unfavorable functional outcomes but not of mortality, DCI, or rebleed in patients with good-grade SAH. Future studies should further investigate the putative mechanisms through which LOC mediates early brain injury in SAH

Loss of Consciousness at Onset of Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage is Associated with Functional Outcomes in Good-Grade Patients

Background Transient loss of consciousness (LOC) is one of the most common presentations of aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) and may be an indicator of early brain injury. In this study, we examined the association of LOC and functional outcomes in patients with good-grade SAH. Methods We searched the Subarachnoid Hemorrhage International Trialists Repository for patients who presented with LOC at ictus of SAH. A propensity score analysis was performed on good-grade patients (defined as World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies grade 1–3) to balance selected covariates between those with and without LOC. The primary outcome was Glasgow Outcome Score (GOS) at 3 months (with poor outcome defined as a GOS of 1–3). Secondary outcomes were delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI), rebleed, length of hospital stay, and time to death. Results A propensity score-matching algorithm identified 336 patients (168 with and 168 without LOC at ictus). The proportion of patients with poor functional outcome at 3 months was significantly higher in the cohort with LOC at ictus compared with the matched cohort without LOC at ictus (30% vs. 19%; P = 0.02). There was a nonsignificant trend toward greater mortality in the patients with LOC at ictus (19% vs. 13%; P = 0.14). There were no significant differences in the secondary outcomes between the 2 cohorts. Conclusions LOC at ictus of SAH is associated with a higher rate of unfavorable functional outcomes but not of mortality, DCI, or rebleed in patients with good-grade SAH. Future studies should further investigate the putative mechanisms through which LOC mediates early brain injury in SAH