Family nonuniversal Z-prime and b to s Gamma decay

We have calculated the branching ratio and CP asymmetry of B-->X_s +gamma decay within the family--nonuniversal Z' models. We have established certain bounds on the model parameters using the present experimental bounds. We also comment on the role of family--nonuniversality in the hadronic decay modes of the B meson.Comment: 15 pages, 2 figure

Financial leverage and the leverage effect: A market and firm analysis

We quantify the effect of financial leverage on stock return volatility in a dynamic general equilibrium economy with debt and equity claims. The effect of financial leverage is studied both at a market and a firm level where the firm is exposed to both idiosyncratic and market risk. In a benchmark economy with both a constant interest rate and constant price of risk, financial leverage generates little variation in stock return volatility at the market level but significant variation at the individual firm level. In an economy that generates time-variation in interest rates and the price of risk, there is significant variation in stock return volatility at the market and firm level. In such an economy, financial leverage has little effect on the dynamics of stock return volatility at the market level. Financial leverage contributes more to the dynamics of stock return volatility for a small firm.

Prevention of sidewall redeposition of etched byproducts in the dry Au etch process

In this paper we present a new technique of etching thin Au film in a dual frequency inductively coupled plasma (ICP) system on Si substrate to prevent the redeposition of etched Au particles over the sidewall of the masking material known as veils. First, the effect of the lithography step was investigated. Then the effects of etch chemistry and the process parameters on the redeposition of etched Au particles on the sidewall of the masking material were investigated. The redeposition effect was examined by depositing a thin Ti film over the masking material acting as a hard mask. The results showed that depositing a thin Ti film over the masking material prevents the formation of veils after etching Au in plasma environments for submicron size structures. Based on the results of this study, we propose a new technique that completely eliminates formation of veils after etching Au in plasma environments for submicron size structures

Abstracting Syntax

Binding is a fundamental part of language specification, yet it is both difficult and tedious to get right. In previous work, we argued that an approach based on locally nameless representation and a particular style for defining inductive relations can provide a portable, transparent, lightweight methodology to define the semantics of binding. Although the binding infrastructure required by this approach is straightforward to develop, it leads to duplicated effort and code as the number of binding forms in a language increases. In this paper, we critically compare a spectrum of approaches that attempt to ameliorate this tedium by unifying the treatment of variables and binding. In particular, we compare our original methodology with two alternative ideas: First, we define variable binding in the object language via variable binding in a reusable library. Second, we present a novel approach that collapses the syntactic categories of the object language together, permitting variables to be shared between them. Our main contribution is a careful characterization of the benefits and drawbacks of each approach. In particular, we use multiple solutions to the POPLMARK challenge in the Coq proof assistant to point out specic consequences with respect to the size of the binding infrastructure, transparency of the definitions, impact to the metatheory of the object language, and adequacy of the object language encoding

Investigation of Stem Cell Applications on In Vitro Fertilization in Rats

ΔΕΝ ΔΙΑΤΙΘΕΤΑΙ ΠΕΡΙΛΗΨΗWe aimed to search the effects of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell-conditioned media on in vitro fertilization by investigation of lifetime of germ cells cleavage, degeneration rates and embryo quality. For this purpose, firstly MSCs were isolated from femurs and tibias of the rat, and cells were cultured until the fourth passage. Sperm and oocytes were collected from male and female rats. Oocytes were added in Human Tubal Fluid Media (HTFM), Single Step Media (SSM), Alpha-MEM Media (AMM) and Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Conditioned Media (CM). Thousand sperm were added into the media which including oocytes. Embryos were allowed to produce by IVF. The development of the embryos was followed until the 11th day, and the arrest, degeneration rates and alive embryos were established. The embryos reached 2, 4, 8, 16 cells stages and morula stage in the CM. While AMM had a negative effect on fertilization and embryo development, the most favourable effect was shown to be caused by CM in comparison with the other medias. These results have shown that the beneficial effects of CM in IVF would be a significant increase in the rate of fertility and development of embryos