Combining artificial neural network and moth-flame optimization algorithm for optimization of ultrasound-assisted and microwave-assisted extraction parameters: Bark of Pinus brutia

In this study, the extraction parameters of Pinus brutia bark were optimized using a hybrid artificial intelligence technique. Firstly, the bark samples were extracted by ultrasound-assisted extraction and microwave-assisted extraction which are defined as ‘green’ extraction methods at different conditions. The selected extraction parameters for ultrasound-assisted extraction were 0:100; 20:80; 40:60; 80:20 (%) ethanol: water ratios; 40 ºC, 60 °C extraction temperatures and 5 min, 10 min, 15 min, 20 min extraction times and for microwave-assisted extraction were 90, 180, 360, 600, 900 (W) microwave power, 0:100; 20:80; 40:60; 60:40; 80:20 (%) ethanol: water ratios. Then Stiasny number, condensed tannin content and reducing sugar content of all extracts were determined. Next, the prediction models were developed for each studied parameter using Artificial Neural Network. Finally, the extraction parameters were optimized using Moth-Flame Optimization Algorithm. After that optimization process, while the extraction time was the same (5 min), the ethanol: water ratio and extraction temperature values differed for the optimization of all studied assays of ultrasound-assisted extraction. Also, microwave power and ethanol: water ratio variables were found in different values for each assay of microwave-assisted extraction. The results showed that the Artificial Neural Network and Moth-Flame Optimization could be a novel and powerful hybrid approach to optimize the extraction parameters of Pinus brutia barks with saving time, cost, chemical and effort

İlaç Bileşimlerinde İslam İnancına Göre Haram Olan Maddelerin Bulunma Durumu

The demandfor halal products by Muslim communities in Islamic and in foreign countrieshave been dealt with by civil society organizations. Moreover, initiatives havebeen made to convey this demand to official institutions. These initiativeshave led to the recognition by official authorities of the rights of muslimsand members of other religions to access health products that meet theirdefinition. The haram issue of drugs is mainly based on the use ofanimal-derived tissues and non-halal components interfered with the productionprocess. Substances derived from animals are used, directly or after treatment,in medicines and vaccines of various pharmaceutical forms, such as tablets,capsules, creams, and injectable solutions. These products can be activesubstances of the drug as well as adjuvants. Nowadays, it is possible toproduce active substances, adjuvants and excipients from alternative sources.Therefore, the necessity of the relevant authorities to ensure that Muslims arenot irrelevant to the demand for halal products and to establish the necessarylegal basis can be considered at least a human rights phenomenon. However,since the survival of people is a priority, it is a valid approach to use theproducts in which the alternative option is not available.İslamülkelerindeki ve ecnebi ülkelerdeki Müslüman toplulukların helal ürün taleplerisivil toplum kuruluşlarında önemle ele alınmış ve resmi kuruluşlar nezdindegirişimlerde bulunulmuştur. Yapılan girişimler resmi otoritelerin, Müslümanlarve diğer din mensupları için kendi tanımlarına uygun (helal) sağlık ürünlerineulaşma hakkını tanımasını sağlamıştır. İlaçlardaki haramlık meselesi, dahaziyade hayvansal dokuların üretimde kullanılmasına dayanmaktadır. Hayvanlardanelde edilen maddeler doğrudan veya işleme tabi tutulduktan sonra tablet,kapsül, krem, enjeksiyonluk çözeltiler gibi çeşitli farmasötik şekillerde, ilaçve aşılarda kullanılmaktadır. Bu ürünler ilacın etkin maddesi olabildiği gibiyardımcı maddeler de olabilmektedir. Günümüzde ilaç etkin ve yardımcımaddelerin alternatif kaynaklardan üretilmesi mümkündür. Dolayısıyla konuylailgili resmi otoritelerin Müslümanların helal ürün taleplerine kayıtsızkalmaması ve gerekli yasal zeminin oluşturulmasını sağlaması gerekliliği enazından bir insan hakları olgusu olarak değerlendirilebilir. Bununla birlikteinsanın yaşatılması öncelikli olduğundan, alternatif seçeneğin bulunmadığıürünlerin tedavide kullanılmaları geçerli bir yaklaşımdır.

Prediction of malignancy upgrade rate in high-risk breast lesions using an artificial intelligence model: a retrospective study

PURPOSEHigh-risk breast lesions (HRLs) are associated with future risk of breast cancer. Considering the pathological subtypes, malignancy upgrade rate differs according to each subtype and depends on various factors such as clinical and radiological features and biopsy method. Using artificial intelligence and machine learning models in breast imaging, evaluations can be made in terms of risk estimation in different research areas. This study aimed to develop a machine learning model to distinguish HRL cases requiring surgical excision from lesions with a low risk of accompanying malignancy.METHODSA total of 94 patients who were diagnosed with HRL by image-guided biopsy between January 2008 and March 2020 were included in the study. A structured database was created with clinical and radiological characteristics and histopathological results. A machine learning prediction model was created to make binary classifications of lesions as malignant or benign. Random forest, decision tree, K-nearest neighbors, logistic regression, support vector machine (SVM), and multilayer perceptron machine learning algorithms were used. Among these algorithms, SVM was the most successful. The estimations of malignancy for each case detected by artificial intelligence were combined and statistical analyses were performed.RESULTSConsidering all cases, the malignancy upgrade rate was 24.5%. A significant association was observed between malignancy upgrade rate and lesion size (P = 0.004), presence of mammography findings (P = 0.022), and breast imaging-reporting and data system category (P = 0.001). A statistically significant association was also found between the artificial intelligence prediction model and malignancy upgrade rate (P < 0.001). With the SVM model, an 84% accuracy and 0.786 area-underthe- curve score were obtained in classifying the data as benign or malignant.CONCLUSIONOur artificial intelligence model (SVM) can predict HRLs that can be followed up with a lower risk of accompanying malignancy. Unnecessary surgeries can be reduced, or second line vacuum excisions can be performed in HRLs, which are mostly benign, by evaluating on a case-by-case basis, in line with radiology–pathology compatibility and by using an artificial intelligence model

Outcomes of high-risk breast lesions diagnosed using image-guided core needle biopsy: results from a multicenter retrospective study

PURPOSEThe clinical management of high-risk lesions using image-guided biopsy is challenging. This study aimed to evaluate the rates at which such lesions were upgraded to malignancy and identify possible predictive factors for upgrading high-risk lesions.METHODSThis retrospective multicenter analysis included 1.343 patients diagnosed with high-risk lesions using an image-guided core needle or vacuum-assisted biopsy (VAB). Only patients managed using an excisional biopsy or with at least one year of documented radiological follow-up were included. For each, the Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) category, number of samples, needle thickness, and lesion size were correlated with malignancy upgrade rates in different histologic subtypes. Pearson’s chi-squared test, the Fisher–Freeman–Halton test, and Fisher’s exact test were used for the statistical analyses.RESULTSThe overall upgrade rate was 20.6%, with the highest rates in the subtypes of intraductal papilloma (IP) with atypia (44.7%; 55/123), followed by atypical ductal hyperplasia (ADH) (38.4%; 144/375), lobular neoplasia (LN) (12.7%; 7/55), papilloma without atypia (9.4%; 58/611), flat epithelial atypia (FEA) (8.7%; 10/114), and radial scars (RSs) (4.6%; 3/65). There was a significant relationship between the upgrade rate and BI-RADS category, number of samples, and lesion size Lesion size was the most predictive factor for an upgrade in all subtypes.CONCLUSIONADH and atypical IP showed considerable upgrade rates to malignancy, requiring surgical excision. The LN, IP without atypia, pure FEA, and RS subtypes showed lower malignancy rates when the BI-RADS category was lower and in smaller lesions that had been adequately sampled using VAB. After being discussed in a multidisciplinary meeting, these cases could be managed with follow-up instead of excision

Relationship Of Shear-wave Elastography Findings With Breast Cancer Molecular Subtypes And Comparison With Other Radiological Imaging Techniques

Purpose: We aimed to evaluate the shear-wave elastography (SWE) findings of breast cancer and to compare their differences with other imaging techniques and to determine the relationship between molecular subtypes. Methods: Radiological findings and histopathology results of patients who underwent biopsy due to breast mass and diagnosed as malignant were evaluated retrospectively. SWE findings, ultrasonography (US), mammography and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings were evaluated. The histopathology results of the tru-cut biopsy performed under the guidance of US-SWE were analyzed. The findings of SWE and other radiological techniques were compared statistically and relationship with molecular subtypes was evaluated. Results: We had 51 patients with a median age of 58 years. In SWE, the mean tumor size was 20 mm, and the tumor elasticity was 105 kPa. Statistically significant correlation was found between the tumor size differences measured by B mode US-SWE and the tumor elasticity value. No correlation was found between SWE findings and molecular subtypes. SWE had significantly high positive correlation with mamography and MRI in terms of lesion size, with US very high positive correlation and with estrogen receptor (ER) positivity weak negative correlation. Conclusion: In addition to conventional radiological imaging techniques the use of SWE provides useful insight to evaluation of breast cancer

Transition Metal Doped Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Cathodes

Fuel cells have developed of excessive interest as a probable economical, efficient, and clean candidate for alternative and environmental friendly power generation services. Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) is an elevated temperature fuel cell, dealing with power generation as well as heat. Up to now many studies have been made to replace platinum, Pt, with a new cathode catalyst for intermediate temperature-solid oxide fuel cells (IT-SOFC) (500 °C<T) range but research has become inadequate. Since Pt sources are limited and very expensive, they could not meet the supply for the commercial fuel cells, the scientists started for searching new materials. There are two important aspects about SOFC cathodes, different cathode materials effect on the electrode electrochemical performance and the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) kinetics. Understanding in these concepts would lead to improvements of SOFC systems. The production of novel and supreme cathode electrodes used in IT-SOFC is aimed to employ cheaper metals (Fe, Co, Cr, Mn, Gd, and V) by using superior properties of perovskite structure. The reduction of oxygen on metal oxide surface is achieved within the complicated mechanism. The completion of these steps depends on the nature of oxide ion carrier in cathode, atomic formation in crystal structure, and microstructure of cathode materials. The analysis of the impedances required the use of three to four (RQ) circuits in series in the equivalent circuit model. Of the four cathodes synthesized, the vanadium doped cathode on YSZ showed the highest area specific resistance

Effect of glabridin on microvascular permeability of plasma proteins induced by carrageenan

In present study, investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of glabridin (GLA) in the carrageenan-induced paw edema test of rats. Inflammation is an answer to the body's immune response to various stimuli such as physical trauma, various antigens chemicals, microorganisms radiation- damaged tissues. The cause of this edema is the increase of vascular permeability. an increase in local blood flow as well as the penetration of neutrophils and macrophages into the inflamed tissue. The current study aimed to determine the mechanism of microvascular leakage on carrageenan (CAR)-induced paw. edema of GLA. Therefore 10, 20 and 40 mg/kg doses of GLA were given intraperitoneal 3 days before intraplantar administration of CAR by using Evans blue (EB) method and by measuring paw thickness with electronic digital calipers. As a result, GLA inhibited both edema and microvascular leak. The results of our study suggest that pretreat-GLA to CAR -induced paw edema of rats via anti-inflammatory potential through inhibition of parameters such as microvascular escape and anti-edematous effect. These findings may be a new treatment of inflammation by anti-protein leakage of GLA

Prokalsitonin düzeyleri gram negatif bakteriyemiyi gram pozitif bakteriyemiden ayırt edebilir mi?

Objective: Patients with sepsis constitute a significant proportion of critically ill patients. Although outcomes have significantly improved in the last decade, mortality still remains high 25-30% and 40-50% when shock is present. Procalcitonin has been studied in sepsis for diagnosis, and guidance of antibiotic therapy. We investigated the levels of C-reactive protein (CRP) and procalcitonin in patients with bacteremia seen in various departments of the hospital and to evaluate the possible discriminative role of procalcitonin in differentiating bacterial etiology of infection. Materials and methods: Serum procalcitonin and CRP levels of patients with Gram negative and positive bacteremia were recorded retrospectively. CRP and procalcitonin levels of 407 consecutive patients with 636 positive blood cultures were included in the study. The blood cultures were first grouped as Gram-positive bacteremia (GPB) and Gram-negative bacteremia (GNB). 316 (49.7%) of 636 positive blood culture were in GPB group. GNB group was further divided into Enterobacteriaceae bacteremia (GNEB) and Non-Enterobacteriaceae (GNNEB). Results: Procalcitonin levels of GNB and GPB groups were significantly different (P= 0.0001). Procalcitonin and CRP levels of GNEB and GNNEB groups were also significantly different (P=0.015 and P= 0.003, respectively). Conclusion: Our findings suggest that procalcitonin levels may be discriminative between GNB and GPB groups and levels >4.055 ng/mL may be evidence of GNB.Amaç: Sepsis hastaları, kritik durumdaki hastaların önemli bir bölümünü oluşturmaktadır. Sonuçlar bakımından son on yılda önemli ölçüde gelişme kaydedilse de, mortalite oranı halen %25-30 düzeylerinde seyretmekte ve şok eşliğinde %40-50’ye kadar yükselebilmektedir. Prokalsitonin, tanı amacıyla ve antibiyotik tedavisinin yönetimi bakımından sepsiste üzerinde çalışılmış bir peptiddir. Çalışmada bakteriyemi hastalarında hastanemizin çeşitli bölümlerinde C-reaktiv protein (CRP) ve prokalsitonin düzeylerini araştırdık ve prokalsitoninin bakteriyel enfeksiyon etiyolojisini ayırt etme bakımından ne tür bir rolü olabileceğini değerlendirildi. Gereç ve Yöntem: Gram negatif ve pozitif bakteriyemisi olan hastaların serum prokalsitonin ve CRP düzeyleri, retrospektif olarak kayıt altına alındı. Çalışmaya, 636 pozitif kan kültürü olan 407 hastanın CRP ve prokalsitonin düzeyleri dahil edildi. Kan kültürlerine göre bakteriyemik ataklar, önce Gram-pozitif bakteriyemi (GPB) ve Gram-negatif bakteriyemi (GNB) olarak gruplandırıldı. GPB grubunda 636 kültür arasından 316 (%49.7) pozitif kan kültürü tespit edildi. GNB grubu ayrıca Enterobacteriaceae bakteriyemi (GNEB) ve Non-Enterobacteriaceae (GNNEB) olarak ikiye ayrıldı. Bulgular: GNB ve GPB gruplarının prokalsitonin düzeyleri anlamlı olarak farklıydı (P= 0.0001). GNEB ve GNNEB gruplarının prokalsitonin ve CRP düzeyleri de anlamlı şekilde farklıydı (sırasıyla P= 0.015 ve P= 0.003). Sonuç: Bulgularımız, prokalsitonin düzeylerinin, GNB ve GPB grupları arasında ayırt edici olabileceğini ve 4.055 ng/mL’nin üzerindeki düzeylerin GNB'nin kanıtı olabileceğini düşündürmektedir

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