Die quantitative Analyse von Markerproteinen im Urin Quantitative analysis of marker proteins in urine

Die Analyse von spezifischen Proteinen im zweiten Morgenurin, bezogen auf den Kreatiningehalt der Probe, erlaubt heute nicht nur den Nachweis oder den Ausschluss von Nierenerkrankungen, sondern darüber hinaus auch die Differenzierung und Verlaufskontrolle von Nephropathien. Störungen lassen sich aufgrund ihres Markerproteinprofils in solche mit hauptsächlich glomerulärem oder tubulärem Anteil und zusätzlich in weitere Untergruppen einteilen. Im Zusammenhang mit den Teststreifenresultaten kann die Quelle einer Blutung mit spezifischen Quotienten näher eingegrenzt und Kontaminationen können von tatsächlichen renalen Proteinurien unterschieden werden. Eine Plausibilitätsprüfung und Interpretation der erhaltenen Ergebnisse ist unbedingt erforderlich. Da eineVielzahl von Regeln überprüft werden muss, ist eine Berechnung und Darstellung der Ergebnisse nur mit Hilfe von wissensbasierten Systemen in Kombination mit einer grafischen Befunddarstellung sinnvol

An Inverse Method for Policy-Iteration Based Algorithms

We present an extension of two policy-iteration based algorithms on weighted graphs (viz., Markov Decision Problems and Max-Plus Algebras). This extension allows us to solve the following inverse problem: considering the weights of the graph to be unknown constants or parameters, we suppose that a reference instantiation of those weights is given, and we aim at computing a constraint on the parameters under which an optimal policy for the reference instantiation is still optimal. The original algorithm is thus guaranteed to behave well around the reference instantiation, which provides us with some criteria of robustness. We present an application of both methods to simple examples. A prototype implementation has been done

Universal Approach to Optimal Photon Storage in Atomic Media

We present a universal physical picture for describing storage and retrieval of photon wave packets in a Lambda-type atomic medium. This physical picture encompasses a variety of different approaches to pulse storage ranging from adiabatic reduction of the photon group velocity and pulse-propagation control via off-resonant Raman fields to photon-echo based techniques. Furthermore, we derive an optimal control strategy for storage and retrieval of a photon wave packet of any given shape. All these approaches, when optimized, yield identical maximum efficiencies, which only depend on the optical depth of the medium.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figures. V2: major changes in presentation (title, abstract, main text), simplification of derivations, new references. V3: minor changes - final version as published in Phys. Rev. Let

Socionomens delaktighet i risksamhället - En studie av socionomers bedömning och förhållningssätt till ungas användande av internet och sociala medier

The purpose of this study was to gain a better understanding of how social workers in the social child and youth care in Sweden relate to young people's use of social media and the internet. We also intended to understand the potential consequences of the social workers assessments regarding young people’s use of the internet and social media. The methods used in this study are both semi-structured interviews as well as two short vignettes. Our empirical basis consists of eight social workers, active in the social child and youth care in Sweden. Our main analytical tool in this study has been Ulrich Beck's theory of the risk society. In this study, we concluded that social workers in the social child and youth care has a fragmented approach to young people's use of social media and the internet, they highlight both positive and negative aspects. It also emerged that the social worker made use of assessment templates to make an estimation of the young person’s use of the Internet and social media. This meant that the responsibility for young people's use is placed mostly on the parents. It also led to an inertial revision of the decisions. We also came to the conclusion that the Internet can be seen as an institution of society, the consequences of this can be a clash between old and new institutions, such as internet and family. The social worker sees the Internet and social media as a tool which the young person can use to harm themselves with and they argue that even if the Internet did not exist, the young people would still expose themselves to danger

diseño de investigación de las razones financieras básicas por medio de la herramienta microsoft power business intelligence para la optimización de la toma de decisiones para una organización desarrolladora de proyectos, ubicada en la ciudad de Guatemala.

criterios para el análisis financiero, estados financieros, toma de decisiones, Lenguaje de consulta estructurada, Business Intelligence y Microsoft Power Business Intelligence; los cuales serán utilizados para la implementación de las razones financieras básicas que brindara un gran beneficio para la organización

Transition pathways for the Clean Development Mechanism under Article 6 of the Paris Agreement. Options and implications for international negotiators

The ambitious targets under the Paris Agreement (PA) to keep global warming below 2°C and achieve a balance of emissions and sinks in the second half of the century require significant mitigation investments, already in the short term. However, the current willingness of governments to use low-cost options such as international carbon markets remains limited, and negotiations on the rules for the market mechanisms under Article 6 of the PA are dragging on. This is surprising given that the Clean Development Mechanism under the Kyoto Protocol functioned very well during the 2000s, mobilizing hundreds of billion USD for thousands of greenhouse gas mitigation projects in over 100 developing countries. Private investors in the CDM market feel “let down” by the sudden reduction of government demand for credits after 2011 which led to a fall of credit (CER) prices by 95%. While carbon pricing mechanisms (such as emission trading schemes or carbon taxes) are being implemented (or planned) in a large number of countries, in only a few of them these mechanisms are generating demand for CERs, as for instance Colombia, South Africa and South Korea. This CER demand is, however, lower than in the past, and subject to many restrictions regarding host countries, project types and eligible project developers. The CDM is the only currently available market mechanism under the UNFCCC that could be immediately used for NDC implementation and that is already operational while the new market mechanisms introduced by Article 6 will need several years to be fully operationalized. Thus, it is necessary to ensure a swift transition of the CDM to the PA in the short term, ideally already at COP 25 in Chile. Without some criteria for the transition, billions of CERs could flood the market in the near future, with very negative effects in terms of price and credibility. We therefore define a set of criteria for possible restriction of this transition, building on the key elements under discussion by international negotiators. Criteria include cutoff of the eligible CER vintage, according to the registration date of the activity, and exclusion of certain activity types or certain types of host countries. Through differentiated application of these criteria, we develop three pathways, ranging from full CDM transition to strict limitation. Under full transition, total CER volume could reach 15.6 billion until 2030. A 2013 registration cut-off date, coupled with exclusion of industrial gas and large hydro projects, would limit CER volume to 0.89 billion. A November 2016 registration cut-off and limitation to least developed countries (LDCs) and small island developing states (SIDS) would reduce the projected CER volume to just 0.13 billion. In case of a formal termination of the CDM, Article 6.2 would allow bilateral approaches that are based on existing CDM activities. Further qualitative criteria that could be considered are the eligibility of activities outside the NDC coverage, activities that are part of the unconditional part of the NDC, the applicability of standardized methodologies, the need to pass a new additionality test, and the contribution to sustainable development. We also shed light on possible key administrative requirements, such as a new letter of approval or the need for activity deregistration for the transition in order to assess the potential negative impacts these may have on the transition. The pathways’ impacts are tested on 4 specific case studies - two cookstove PoAs, one renewable energy project in an LDC and a coal power project - and provide useful insights into how specific activities can be affected by the different criteria in place. Particularly the treatment of registration cutoff for PoAs or the related CPAs would make a strong difference. Ideally, governments of large countries would start an initiative to acquire the accumulated CER surplus to allow an ambition increase of their second NDC to reduce the gap to a pathway consistent with the long-term ambition of the PA. This would require funding comparable to the first round of financing for the Green Climate Fund. Building on the successes of South Korea and Colombia, at the domestic level, governments should introduce carbon pricing mechanisms to incentivize mitigation investments, while allowing for offsetting through emission credits from international market mechanisms to reduce costs for the ambition increase