The calculation of specific heats for some important solid components in hydrogen production process based on CuCl cycle

Hydrogen is one of the most promising energy sources of the future enabling direct production of power and heat in fuel cells, hydrogen engines or furnaces with hydrogen burners. One of the last remainder problems in hydrogen technology is how to produce a sufficient amount of cheap hydrogen. One of the best options is large scale thermochemical production of hydrogen in combination with nuclear power plant. copper-chlorine (CuCl) cycle is the most promissible thermochemical cycle to produce cheap hydrogen.This paper focuses on a CuCl cycle, and the describes the models how to calculate thermodynamic properties. Unfortunately, for many components in CuCl cycle the thermochemical functions of state have never been measured. This is the reason that we have tried to calculate some very important thermophysical properties. This paper discusses the mathematical model for computing the thermodynamic properties for pure substances and their mixtures such as CuCl, HCl, Cu2OCl2 important in CuCl hydrogen production in their fluid and solid phase with an aid of statistical thermodynamics. For the solid phase, we have developed the mathematical model for the calculation of thermodynamic properties for polyatomic crystals. In this way, we have used Debye functions and Einstein function for acoustical modes and optical modes of vibrations to take into account vibration of atoms. The influence of intermolecular energy we have solved on the basis of Murnaghan equation of state and statistical thermodynamics

ČLANSTVO KORISNIKA I INVESTITORA U ZADRUZI: UPOREDNI PREGLED UREĐENJA U EVROPSKOM PRIVREDNOM PROSTORU I SAD

Članak analizira uređenje članstva u novijem zadružnem zakonodavstvu unutar Evropskog privrednog prostora (EPP) i u Sjedinjenim američkim državama (SAD). Dok se zadruge u EPP mogu osnivati i delovati prema nacionalnom zadružnom zakonodavstvu ili na osnovi nadnacionalnog modela Evropske zadruge (Societas Cooperativa Europaea, SCE), u SAD opšti propisi o zadrugama (ako se ne uzmu u obzir kreditne zadruge, koje su regulisane saveznim zakonodavstvom i zakonima pojedinih država), spadaju u zakonodavnu nadležnost pojedinih država. Zajednička značajka novijih zadružnih propisa je težnja za jačanjem kapitalske osnove zadruga pa se zadrugama dopušta da pored članova korisnika odnosno sarađujućih članova primaju u članstvo i investitore kojima isključivo na osnovi kapitalskog ulaganja pripadaju određena imovinska i upravljačka prava. Uredba br. 1435/2003/EZ o statutu SCE upućuje u pogledu dopuštenosti članstva investitora kao i u pogledu njihovih upravljačkih, a naročito imovinskih prava na zadružno zakonodavstvo države prema sedištu SCE. U SAD, članstvo investitora je, kao izvor dodatnog sopstvenog kapitala zadruge, podrobnije uređeno u Jedinstvenom zakonu o zadružnim udruženjima sa ograničenom odgovornošću, prihvaćenom 2007. godine, koji služi kao model (uzorak) za uvođenje ovog instituta u državama koje ga još nisu regulisale.Članak analizira uređenje članstva u novijem zadružnem zakonodavstvu unutar Evropskog privrednog prostora (EPP) i u Sjedinjenim američkim državama (SAD). Dok se zadruge u EPP mogu osnivati i delovati prema nacionalnom zadružnom zakonodavstvu ili na osnovi nadnacionalnog modela Evropske zadruge (Societas Cooperativa Europaea, SCE), u SAD opšti propisi o zadrugama (ako se ne uzmu u obzir kreditne zadruge, koje su regulisane saveznim zakonodavstvom i zakonima pojedinih država), spadaju u zakonodavnu nadležnost pojedinih država. Zajednička značajka novijih zadružnih propisa je težnja za jačanjem kapitalske osnove zadruga pa se zadrugama dopušta da pored članova korisnika odnosno sarađujućih članova primaju u članstvo i investitore kojima isključivo na osnovi kapitalskog ulaganja pripadaju određena imovinska i upravljačka prava. Uredba br. 1435/2003/EZ o statutu SCE upućuje u pogledu dopuštenosti članstva investitora kao i u pogledu njihovih upravljačkih, a naročito imovinskih prava na zadružno zakonodavstvo države prema sedištu SCE. U SAD, članstvo investitora je, kao izvor dodatnog sopstvenog kapitala zadruge, podrobnije uređeno u Jedinstvenom zakonu o zadružnim udruženjima sa ograničenom odgovornošću, prihvaćenom 2007. godine, koji služi kao model (uzorak) za uvođenje ovog instituta u državama koje ga još nisu regulisale

Thermoconvective eddies in air : application to meteorology

Translated from the French by Carl A. Ronne.The object of the present work is a study thermoconvective eddies in a layer of air heated uniformly from below. Being given the importance that these eddies present in meteorlogical phenomena, we have tried to attain three principal objectives: 1. To realize systematic experiments on thermoconvective eddies in air under thicknesses exceeding considerably the scale generally employed by preceding experimenters; 2. To verify experimentally the practical value of the numerical results deriving from the theory of thermoconvective eddies; 3. To complete, by the results acquired in the course of our researches in the laboratory, the theory of thermoconvective eddies in the free atmosphere

Nonconventional Musical Analysis and Disguised Infringement: Clever Musical Tricks to Divide the Wealth of Tin Pan Alley

This article argues that disguised infringement is oxymoronic and demagogic, and that the nonconventional musical analytical techniques employed to diagnose it are misguided. If an expert cannot tell that two pieces of music are similar by traditional methods, that is probably because they are not similar. Part II of this article chronicles the role of the musical expert as it has been carved out over time. Part III exposes the expert\u27s traditional methods for comparing musical compositions. Part IV explores nonconventional analytical techniques, explains why they are misapplied when employed to detect disguised plagiarism and illustrates why Judge Frank would certainly retract his opinion if he heard of such sophistry. Part V therefore concludes that lending authenticity to nonconventional analytical methods and disguised infringement claims would make professional songwriters more vulnerable than they already are

Vibration of beams and rotating shafts under thermal effects

Temperature variations can significantly change the dynamic characteristics of structures. In the presented paper we have studied the clamped isotropic rotor under thermal effects. We have studied aluminium and copper beam. Because the expansion is restrained by the clamping, the beam undergoes internal stresses, which induce changes in dynamic characteristics. We have also expanded and developed Marques and Inman model as well as Bahzad and Bastami model. We have taken into account the compound influence of thermal force, axial force in rotating shaft and gyroscopic effect. The behavior of rotating shaft is studied in the temperature range of 250-700 K. The influence of temperature-dependent material properties was considered primarily with respect to temperature variations. The presented research work demonstrates a very good agreement between experimental data and results from our vibrational model. On the basis of the proposed analytical model it is possible to determine the vibrational characteristics in very wide range of temperatures. The reported paper is the first one in scientific literature to consider collectively the combined influence of temperature, gyroscopic effects and rotor speeds on shaft and beam vibration

Exergoeconomic Analysis of the Potential Exploitation of Condensation Water Vapor Waste Heat in a Thermal Power Plant Using Heat Pumps

This paper deals with the possibilities for the reduction of thermal environmental pollution and increases in the efficiency of the condensate system of a turbine by installing an inverter heat pump system. The inverter heat pump system will use the heat energy of the turbine exhaust steam that would otherwise be rejected. The operation of a condenser cooling system in a heating plant will be presented, and the possibilities of an inverter heat pump system installation will be analysed. The envisaged waste heat recovery system will be presented and analysed. The analysis will involve an evaluation of exergy and anergy efficiency of the system to minimize the generation of entropy, thus reducing the irreversibility of the system. Some guidelines regarding the utilization of heat energy generated by the inverter heat pump system and the impact of the utilization of heat on turbine efficiency will be indicated