Analisis Bentuk Kecemasan Tokoh Utama dalam Novel “Le Dernier Jour D\u27un Condamné À Mort” Karya Victor Hugo

Les mots clés : Le Roman “La Dernier Jour d\u27un Condamné à Mort”, La psychologie littéraire, L\u27anxiété, Le mécanisme de la défense et du conflit. Le roman est un exemple d\u27un oeuvre littéraire qui est une expression d\u27âme d\u27humain dans laquelle existe un sens psychologique. Il possède des expressionspsychologiques qui sont representées par des personnages avec lesquelles on trouvele conflit. La majorité du conflit spirituel est décrit à travers le personnage principal.Elle existe à cause d\u27une lutte qui n\u27est pas en accord avec les désirs des personnages principaux, si bien qu\u27il cause de l\u27anxiété. Ce conflit spirituel est présent avec le personnage principal dans le roman ”Le Dernier Jour d\u27un Condamné à Mort” par Victor Hugo. Il dévoile des problèmes sur “comment est la forme d\u27anxiété du héros principal et sa manière de surpasser son anxiété”. L\u27approche psychologique littéraire est utilisée pour analyser les problèmes. C\u27est la théorie d\u27anxiété de Sigmund Freud qui distingue l\u27anxiété sous trois types ; l\u27anxiété réaliste, morale et neurotique. De plus, on utilise de même le mécanisme de la défense et du conflit pour surmonter les anxiétés. Ce mécanisme de la défense et duconflit est divisé comme le rejet, la répression, l\u27introjection, la sublimation, la rationalitation, la réaction et la fantaisie. Le résultat de cette analyse montre que l\u27anxiété neurotique domine la psychologie du personnage principal. Elle est liée avec la nervosité et la perte du contrôle de son propre corps et sa pensée. Ce personnage pratique de même sept types du mécanisme de la défense et du conflit pour surmonter des anxiétés; le rejet, la répression, l\u27interjection, la sublimation, la rationalitation, la réaction et la fantaisie. Enfin, nous conseillons aux autres chercheurs de prendre les differentes idées comme la sociologie littéraire du fait que l\u27histoire qui se déroule au 19ème siècle dans le roman “Le Dernier Jour d\u27un Condamné à Mort” est interessante à analyser

Intracerebral Hemorrhage: Toward Physiological Imaging of Hemorrhage Risk in Acute and Chronic Bleeding

Despite improvements in management and prevention of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), there has been little improvement in mortality over the last 30 years. Hematoma expansion, primarily during the first few hours is highly predictive of neurological deterioration, poor functional outcome, and mortality. For each 10% increase in ICH size, there is a 5% increase in mortality and an additional 16% chance of poorer functional outcome. As such, both the identification and prevention of hematoma expansion are attractive therapeutic targets in ICH. Previous studies suggest that contrast extravasation seen on CT Angiography (CTA), MRI, and digital subtraction angiography correlates with hematoma growth, indicating ongoing bleeding. Contrast extravasation on the arterial phase of a CTA has been coined the CTA Spot Sign. These easily identifiable foci of contrast enhancement have been identified as independent predictors of hematoma growth, mortality, and clinical outcome in primary ICH. The Spot Sign score, developed to stratify risk of hematoma expansion, has shown high inter-observer agreement. Post-contrast leakage or delayed CTA Spot Sign, on post contrast CT following CTA or delayed CTA respectively are seen in an additional ∼8% of patients and explain apparently false negative observations on early CTA imaging in patients subsequently undergoing hematoma expansion. CT perfusion provides an opportunity to acquire dynamic imaging and has been shown to quantify rates of contrast extravasation. Intravenous recombinant factor VIIa (rFVIIa) within 4 h of ICH onset has been shown to significantly reduce hematoma growth. However, clinical efficacy has yet to be proven. There is compelling evidence that cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) may precede the radiographic evidence of vascular disease and as such contribute to microbleeding. The interplay between microbleeding, CAA, CTA Spot Sign and genetic composition (ApoE genotype) may be crucial in developing a risk model for ICH

Robust Majorana Conductance Peaks for a Superconducting Lead

Experimental evidence for Majorana bound states largely relies on measurements of the tunneling conductance. While the conductance into a Majorana state is in principle quantized to 2e2/h, observation of this quantization has been elusive, presumably due to temperature broadening in the normal-metal lead. Here, we propose to use a superconducting lead instead, whose gap strongly suppresses thermal excitations. For a wide range of tunneling strengths and temperatures, a Majorana state is then signaled by symmetric conductance peaks at eV=±Δ with quantized height G=(4−π)2e2/h. For a superconducting scanning tunneling microscope tip, Majorana states appear as spatial conductance plateaus while the conductance varies with the local wavefunction for trivial Andreev bound states. We discuss effects of nonresonant (bulk) Andreev reflections and quasiparticle poisoning

Parity Anomaly and Spin Transmutation in Quantum Spin Hall Josephson Junctions

We study the Josephson effect in a quantum spin Hall system coupled to a localized magnetic impurity. As a consequence of the fermion parity anomaly, the spin of the combined system of impurity and spin-Hall edge alternates between half-integer and integer values when the superconducting phase difference across the junction advances by 2π. This leads to characteristic differences in the splittings of the spin multiplets by exchange coupling and single-ion anisotropy at phase differences, for which time-reversal symmetry is preserved. We discuss the resulting 8π-periodic (or Z4) fractional Josephson effect in the context of recent experiments

Telomere-length dependent T-cell clonal expansion:A model linking ageing to COVID-19 T-cell lymphopenia and mortality

BACKGROUND: Severe COVID-19 T-cell lymphopenia is more common among older adults and entails poor prognosis. Offsetting the decline in T-cell count during COVID-19 demands fast and massive T-cell clonal expansion, which is telomere length (TL)-dependent. METHODS: We developed a model of TL-dependent T-cell clonal expansion capacity with age and virtually examined the relation of T-cell clonal expansion with COVID-19 mortality in the general population. FINDINGS: The model shows that an individual with average hematopoietic cell TL (HCTL) at age twenty years maintains maximal T-cell clonal expansion capacity until the 6th decade of life when this capacity rapidly declines by more than 90% over the next ten years. The collapse in the T-cell clonal expansion capacity coincides with the steep increase in COVID-19 mortality with age. INTERPRETATION: Short HCTL might increase vulnerability of many older adults, and some younger individuals with inherently short HCTL, to COVID-19 T-cell lymphopenia and severe disease. FUNDING: A full list of funding bodies that contributed to this study can be found in the Acknowledgements section

Short Telomeres and a T-Cell Shortfall in COVID-19:The Aging Effect

The slow pace of global vaccination and the rapid emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants suggest recurrent waves of COVID-19 in coming years. Therefore, understanding why deaths from COVID-19 are highly concentrated among older adults is essential for global health. Severe COVID-19 T-cell lymphopenia is more common among older adults, and it entails poor prognosis. Much about the primary etiology of this form of lymphopenia remains unknown, but regardless of its causes, offsetting the decline in T-cell count during SARS-CoV-2 infection demands fast and massive T-cell clonal expansion, which is telomere length (TL)-dependent. We have built a model that captures the effect of age-dependent TL shortening in hematopoietic cells and its effect on T-cell clonal expansion capacity. The model shows that an individual with average hematopoietic cell TL (HCTL) at age twenty years maintains maximal T-cell clonal expansion capacity until the 6th decade of life when this capacity plummets by more than 90% over the next ten years. The collapse coincides with the steep increase in COVID-19 mortality with age. HCTL metrics may thus explain the vulnerability of older adults to COVID-19. That said, the wide inter-individual variation in HCTL across the general population means that some younger adults with inherently short HCTL might be at risk of severe COVID-19 lymphopenia and mortality from the disease. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Declining immunity with advancing age is a general explanation for the increased mortality from COVID-19 among older adults. This mortality far exceeds that from viral illnesses such as the seasonal influenza, and it thus requires specific explanations. One of these might be diminished ability with age to offset the development of severe T-cell lymphopenia (a low T-cell count in the blood) that often complicates COVID-19. We constructed a model showing that age-dependent shortening of telomeres might constrain the ability of T-cells of some older COVID-19 patients to undertake the massive proliferation required to clear the virus that causes the infection. The model predicts that individuals with short telomeres, principally seniors, might be at a higher risk of death from COVID-19