Phytotherapy for Peptic-ulcer: An overview on important Indian herbal plants having flavonoid as antiulcer activity.

Peptic ulcers are described by erosions of the gastrointestinal mucosa that can reach the muscular layer. Peptic ulcers are a widespread health condition that affects millions of individuals and has a high recurrence rate. “No gastric acid, no peptic ulcer” is a flawed assumption. Excessive gastric acid secretion is only one factor in the pathogenesis of peptic ulcer disease. Their etiology is multifactorial and develops when the balance of offensive and protective components is disrupted. Its treatment faces great difficulties due to the limited effectiveness and severe side effects of the currently available drugs. Natural products such as herbal plants and their isolated compounds have been widely used in experimental models of peptic ulcers. Flavonoids strengthened defensive factors had cytoprotective and rehabilitative actions. Flavonoids are among the molecules of greatest interest in biological assays due to their anti-inflammatory, antioxidant properties. The present study is a literature review of herbal plants having flavonoid that have been reported to show peptic ulcer activity in experimental models using the divergent mechanism of action

PHARMACOGNOSTICAL AND ANTIMICROBIAL STUDIES OF THE STEM OF TABERNAEMONTANA DIVARICATA LINN

Objective: The aim of the present study is to evaluate the pharmacognostic and antimicrobial studies of Tabernaemontana divaricata Linn. Stem.Methods: The Pharmacognostical studies were performed using standard parameters and antimicrobial studies were based on checker board and disc diffusion technique using various bacterial strains. The antifungal studies were based on the agar slant technique.Results: The transverse section shows the presence of undifferentiated cells known as cortex in the outer region. They are followed by an extended part of cortex, which consists of 7-8 layers of Phellogen, followed by 6-7 layers of Phelloderm. The antimicrobial studies confirmed that the methanolic extract was quite effective for bacterial strains Sh. flexneri type BCH 995, Shigella boydii 8, Sh. sonnei NK 840, Sh. dysenteriae 1, Sh. dysenteriae 9, Vibrio cholerae 1023, V. cholerae 1341, V. cholerae 575, V. cholerae 1311, E. coli RH 07/12, E. coli 18/9, E. coli K88, Enterobacter spp AP596, Staphylococcus aureus ML 267, S. aureus MTCC 96, Bacillus subtilis MTCC 441, Pseudomonas auriginosa AP585 NLF, Bacillus pumilus 8241 and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The maximum antibacterial activity was observed against Staphylococcus aureus MTCC 96 (zone of inhibition at 800µg/ml is 12.17±0.124 mm), whereas minimum activity against E. coli RH 07/12 (zone of inhibition at 800µg/ml is 10.45±0.063 mm). It was also effective against the fungal strains Aspergillus niger MTCC 281, Candida albicans ATCC 10231 and Penicillium chrysogenum MTCC 2725.Conclusion: The study of pharmacognostical features of the stem of T. divaricata Linn. May serves as a tool for identification and standardization of the crude drug as per WHO guidelines.Â

Phytotherapy for Diabetes: An Overview of Indian Traditional Plants with Saponins as a Phytoconstituent

The present article consists of the basic knowledge about diabetes with its classification as Type 1, Type 2, gestational diabetes as well as other types of diabetes mellitus (DM). Diabetes mellitus is a long-term metabolic disorder defined by increased blood glucose levels. Insulin secretion and action are defective in diabetic patients. Diabetes leads to irreversible damage and failure of many organs because of chronic hyperglycemia. They have a complex etiology that arises when the equilibrium of offensive and protective components is altered. The limited effectiveness and severe adverse effects of the currently available medications make treatment extremely difficult. In experimental models of anti-diabetic preparations, natural items such as herbal plants and their extracted components have been frequently used. Saponins, a glycosidic molecule, is proven to have therapeutic potential and they are used as an alternative treatment for insulin in diabetic patients. Saponin-induced dyslipidemia will aid diabetic people in lowering their risk of cardiovascular disease and atherosclerosis. This review aims to explain the antidiabetic function of saponins as well as its potential in the management of diabetes

An overview on phytoconstituents and multiple biological activities of Euphorbia hirta

The major genus in the Euphorbiaceae family, Euphorbia is having more than 1600 species. The Euphorbiaceae family includes the annual weed Euphorbia hirta, sometimes referred to as the asthma plant. It's not just a weed, it also has medical properties. The Chinese Pharmacopoeia and African pharmacopoeia listed E. hirta for many drugs. Along with tropical and temperate regions of the world, Africa, Bangladesh, Australia and India are also home to these therapeutic herbs. The current review discusses its phytoconstituent profile, therapeutic profile and other significant biological characteristics. It includes a number of secondary active compounds, such as polyphenols, flavonoids, steroids, tannins and alkaloids, which act as anti-microbial, anti-fertility, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-plasmodial, anti-tumor and in the management of many other disorders. Hematuria and gonorrhoea are also treated with E. hirta. In South Africa E. hirta is widely accepted as the prophylaxis of asthma. The herb is utilized as an enema remedy in the Gold Coast. Inflammatory bowel disease, psoriasis and diabetic-induced sores are just a few of the chronic inflammatory disorders that can be treated topically using the alcohol-based fruit and leaf extract of E. hirta. For the purpose of identifying and creating a monograph on E. hirta, this review may be used

The Landau Kleffner Syndrome

The Landau Kleffner   syndrome (LKS) or the syndrome of acquired epileptic aphasia was first described in 1957. LKS also called infantile acquired aphasia, acquired epileptic aphasia or aphasia with convulsive disorder. It is a rare childhood neurological syndrome. LKS is an epilepsy syndrome involving progressive neuropsychological impairment related to the appearance of paroxysmal electroencephalograph (EEG) activity. The disorder is characterized by gradual or rapid loss of language in a previously normal child. Affected children who have developed age-appropriate speech then experience language regression with verbal auditory agnosia, abnormal epileptiform activity, behavioural disturbances, and sometimes overt seizures. Behavioral disorders such as hyperactivity, aggressiveness and depression can also accompany this disorder

Evaluation of antipyretic potential of Eclipta prostrate Linn. leaf extract in rats

The methanol extract of leaves of Eclipta prostrate was tested for its antipyretic effects on rats. The extract (200 and 300 mg/kg, po) showed significant reduction of yeast-induced pyrexia in rats with respect to the control group. The antipyretic activity of the extract was comparable to that of the standard prototype, paracetamol. Keywords: antipyretic, yeast-induced pyrexia, Eclipta prostrata, leaves, methanol extract Ethiopian Pharmaceutical Journal Vol. 24, 2006: 71-7

Antimicrobial potentiality of a phenothiazine group of antipsychotic drug -prochlorperazine

828-830The antipsychotic drug, prochlorperazine (Pcp), was tested for its antimicrobial efficacy against 103 strains belonging to both gram positive and gram negative bacteria. The drug was found to possess maximum activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Vibrio cholerae and Shigella spp. Pcp was moderately active against E. coli but most of the strains belonging to Bacillus spp, Klebsiella spp, Salmonella spp and Lactobacillus spp were found to be resistant to this drug. The drug was tested for its mode of anti bacterial activity against Shigella dysenteriae 1 and it was found to be bacteriostatic in action. In in vivo studies, Pcp offered significant protection to Swiss albino mice at concentrations of 0.75 μg/g (P<0.01) and 1.5 μg/g (P) body weight when challenged with 50 median lethal dose of Salmonella typhimurium NCTC 74. Thus the result depicts that prochlorperazine may emerge as a strong antimicrobial drug to replace the conventional antibiotics and to overcome the problem of drug resistance.</span