Les officialités normandes et la lutte contre les mariages clandestins à la fin du Moyen Age

Il s’agit de préciser ce que les tribunaux poursuivent au titre de la lutte contre lesmariages informels, ce que cela révèle du rôle que la cour diocésaine entend jouer dans le contrôle du processus matrimonial, et de quelle manière les officialités ont pu profiter de la définition in fine extensive de la clandestinité pour mettre au point des instruments de renforcement de l’autorité diocésaine (notamment par le contrôle de la mobilité matrimoniale). De nombreuses infractions dénoncées concernent les promesses de mariage suivies de relations charnelles qui font présumer un consentement de présent. Au stade de l’échange des paroles de présent, les mariages clandestins mis à l’amende sont des mariages marqués par un déficit de preuves, ou conclus sans publication préalable des bans, célébrés dans une autre paroisse que la « propre paroisse » des époux, ou sans respect de formes réglementaires imposées par les évêques, notamment pour contrôler les mariages des extradiocésains, par la présentation de lettres testimoniales ou de dispense de bans, dont on constate la standardisation croissante à la fin du XVe siècle. Au nom de la lutte contre ces irrégularités matrimoniales, les autorités diocésaines rouennaises ont renforcé et élargi toujours plus leurs exigences réglementaires. Les candidats au mariage en paient le prix : pour faire régulariser a posteriori leur union ou pour s’acquitter de l’amende due, mais aussi pour obtenir les certifications nécessaires afin de se prémunir contre toute irrégularité. Les célébrants en paient également le prix quand ils pensent pouvoir se contenter de lettres certificatoires de publication de bans délivrées ailleurs que dans la juridiction rouennaise. Les officialités, comme instance de mise en ordre matrimonial, permettent ainsi aux autorités diocésaines de s’imposer comme gardiennes du salut des couples tout en préservant et renforçant leur assise juridictionnelle

Les mariages clandestins: impasse disciplinaire, scandale ou moteur de la réflexion doctrinale?

The history of the formalization of marriage law in the Latin medieval West is very much like a series of normative tensions. Although the conflicts of norms cannot be restricted to theological and legal controversies, their interest lies in the fact that they sometimes gave rise to the expression of contradictory norms, depending on the forum at stake. It was more particularly the case when it came to the question of settling the moral and judiciary issues in connexion with the hierarchical status of clandestine marriages and that of public ones, or the one of a “sexual intercourse followed by words of future” and that of a marriage contracted by “words of present”. Which of these processes guaranteed a « true » marriage ?  And according to which normative references ? The different solutions provided by canonical doctrine, theology, the manuals for parish priests and confessors or even synodal statutes enable us to assess the different goals of the clerics concerned by matrimonial issues. Much is at stake, because what is concerned is the salvation of the laity and the balance of the whole society. These normative tensions sometimes led to conceptual and lexical evolutions, but they also entailed certain forms of competition that could undermine the usual means of social regulation, which the actors of matrimonial could sometimes take advantage of

Accueillir l’enfant illégitime : modalités, enjeux, limites de la benignitas canonica. Des théories romano-canoniques aux pratiques sociales (XIIe-XVe siècles)

This paper purposed to study figures of children considered as bastards through medieval sources, as rejected and stigmatized one because they were born outside of wedlock but also as children whom society and parents had to take care, who were symbolically, legally and judicially protected. They could not inherit of their father, at least in theory, but those had to feed and educate them, or to contribute by alimenta to do it. Canonists diverged from romanists who nevertheless defined what nutrire or alere meant because from the second part of the twelfth century, popes and decretalists, step by step, demonstrate that parents had to take care of their children, even those who had been born spurii. The idea that supported this form of representation of bastards had nothing to do with favor prolis but simply sollicitudo or benignitas canonica that obliged everyone to put at the first rank the jus naturale instead of human laws that might had restricted bastard’s rigths. But those canonical demonstrations had to be precisely qualified by notarial or judicial sources that proved fatherhood obligations but also difficulties for spurii. Those medieval representations, sometimes paradoxal ones, were finally compared with conclusions of some anthropological studies

Effect of Electron Correlation on the Bragg Reflection

We study the effect of correlation on the Bragg reflection in the 3D electron gas, the 1D Luttinger liquid, and the 1D Hubbard model in an alternating periodic potential at half-filling. In the last system, we suggest a Luttinger-liquid-type quasi-metallic state in the crossover region from the band insulator to the Mott insulator. We explain the appearance of this state in terms of the incompatibility of the Bragg reflection with the concept of Luttinger liquids.Comment: 4 pages, 3 figure

Medication errors at hospital admission and discharge in Type 1 and 2 diabetes

International audienceAIMS: To assess the prevalence and characteristics of medication errors at hospital admission and discharge in people with Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes, and identify potential risk factors for these errors. METHODS: This prospective observational study included all people with Type 1 (n~=~163) and Type 2 diabetes (n~=~508) admitted to the Diabetology-Department of the University Hospital of Montpellier, France, between 2013 and 2015. Pharmacists conducted medication reconciliation within 24~h of admission and at hospital discharge. Medication history collected from different sources (patient/family interviews, prescriptions/medical records, contact with community pharmacies/general practitioners/nurses) was compared with admission and discharge prescriptions to detect unintentional discrepancies in medication indicating involuntary medication changes. Medication errors were defined as unintentional medication discrepancies corrected by physicians. Risk factors for medication errors and serious errors (i.e. errors that may cause harm) were assessed using logistic regression. RESULTS: A total of 322 medication errors were identified and were mainly omissions. Prevalence of medication errors in Type 1 and Type 2 diabetes was 21.5% and 22.2% respectively at admission, and 9.0% and 12.2% at discharge. After adjusting for age and number of treatments, people with Type 1 diabetes had nearly a twofold higher odds of having medication errors (odds ratio (OR) 1.72, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.02-2.94) and serious errors (OR 2.17, 95% CI 1.02-4.76) at admission compared with those with Type 2 diabetes. CONCLUSIONS: Medication reconciliation identified medication errors in one third of individuals. Clinical pharmacists should focus on poly-medicated individuals, but also on other high-risk people, for example, those with Type 1 diabetes

Discours normatifs et transmissions des savoirs médicaux sur les nourrices (Antiquité-Renaissance) - Partie MOYEN AGE

Ce chapitre (dont j\u27ai eu la responsabilité de la partie médiévale) doit trouver sa place dans la section Transferts du volume 1 qui a pour objectif d’accueillir des études dévolues aux transactions, tant économiques que symboliques, générées par l’allaitement. Il s\u27agit ici de faire le point sur le nourrissage mercenaire et la manière dont les savoirs médicaux (antiques) sur les nourrices se sont diffusés dans la société médiévale et ont faconné un ensemble de discours normatifs et prescriptifs sur les dangers mais aussi les avantages pragmatiques de la mise en nourrice

Charge and spin inhomogeneous phases in the Ferromagnetic Kondo Lattice Model

We study numerically the one-dimensional ferromagnetic Kondo lattice. This model is widely used to describe nickel and manganese perovskites. Due to the competition between double and super-exchange, we find a region where the formation of magnetic polarons induces a charge-ordered state. This ordering is present even in the absence of any inter-site Coulomb repulsion. There is an insulating gap associated to the charge structure formation. We also study the insulator-metal transition induced by a magnetic field which removes simultaneously both charge and spin ordering.Comment: 7 pages, 11 figure

Single-session visuospatial task procedure to prevent childbirth-related posttraumatic stress disorder: a multicentre double-blind randomised controlled trial

Preventive evidence-based interventions for childbirth-related posttraumatic stress disorder (CB-PTSD) are lacking. Yet, 18.5% of women develop CB-PTSD symptoms following an unplanned caesarean section (UCS). This two-arm, multicentre, double-blind superiority trial tested the efficacy of an early single-session intervention including a visuospatial task on the prevention of maternal CB-PTSD symptoms. The intervention was delivered by trained maternity clinicians. Shortly after UCS, women were included if they gave birth to a live baby, provided consent, and perceived their childbirth as traumatic. Participants were randomly assigned to the intervention or attention-placebo group (allocation ratio 1:1). Assessments were done at birth, six weeks, and six months postpartum. Group differences in maternal CB-PTSD symptoms at six weeks (primary outcomes) and six months postpartum (secondary outcomes) were assessed with the self-report PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5) and by blinded research assessors with the Clinician-administered PTSD scale for DSM-5 (CAPS-5). Analysis was by intention-to-treat. The trial was prospectively registered (ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03576586). Of the 2068 women assessed for eligibility, 166 were eligible and 146 were randomly assigned to the intervention (n = 74) or attention-placebo control group (n = 72). For the PCL-5, at six weeks, a marginally significant intervention effect was found on the total PCL-5 PTSD symptom count (β = -0.43, S.E. = 0.23, z = -1.88, p < 0.06), and on the intrusions (β = -0.73, S.E. = 0.38, z = -1.94, p < 0.0525) and arousal (β = -0.55, S.E. = 0.29, z = -1.92, p < 0.0552) clusters. At six months, a significant intervention effect on the total PCL-5 PTSD symptom count (β = -0.65, S.E. = 0.32, z = -2.04, p = 0.041, 95%CI[-1.27, -0.03]), on alterations in cognition and mood (β = -0.85, S.E. = 0.27, z = -3.15, p = 0.0016) and arousal (β = -0.56, S.E. = 0.26, z = -2.19, p < 0.0289, 95%CI[-1.07, -0.06]) clusters appeared. No group differences on the CAPS-5 emerged. Results provide evidence that this brief, single-session intervention carried out by trained clinicians can prevent the development of CB-PTSD symptoms up to six months postpartum