Estudo anatômico comparativo dos nervos da perna de Cebus (macaco-prego) com babuínos, chimpanzés e humanos modernos

Os estudos anatômicos comparativos entre os primatas são importantes para pesquisas associadas com a etologia, evolução, taxonomia e compreensão dos usos de ferramentas pelos hominídeos. Especificamente, o conhecimento anatômico sobre Cebus contribui para sua própria conservação e para o desenvolvimento de procedimentos cirúrgicos e tratamentos clínicos destes animais, pois são frequentemente vítimas de acidentes automobilísticos. Recentemente, estudos sobre características comportamentais de Cebus indicaram conclusões erradas sobre sua anatomia, o que pode ser atribuído aos poucos dados disponíveis sobre a anatomia desses animais na literatura especializada. Portanto, para fornecer dados anatômicos e fornecer suporte para as outras ciências relacionadas com a anatomia e também desenvolver procedimentos cirúrgicos e/ou clínicos, foram descritos os nervos das pernas de Cebus com enfoque sobre a posição, a trajetória e os músculos inervados, e comparar esses resultados com os dos humanos modernos e outros primatas. Oito espécimes adultos de macacos-prego foram usados para este estudo. O estudo anatômico comparativo dos nervos da perna de Cebus demonstrou que, em geral, a organização estrutural dos nervos é semelhante entre os quatro primatas aqui analisados (Cebus, chimpanzés, babuínos e humanos modernos), o que pode ser atribuído ao fato de que os quatro primatas terem estruturas corporais semelhantes. No entanto, a trajetória dos nervos e a inervação dos músculos em Cebus o aproximam dos babuínos.The anatomical comparative studies among the primates are important for the investigation of ethology, evolution, taxonomy, and comprehension of tools by hominoids. Especially the anatomical knowledge of Cebus contributes to conservation of the species, and to development of surgical procedures and clinical treatments of these animals, as they frequently are victims of automobile accidents. Recent anatomical studies came to a wrong conclusion regarding behavioral traits of Cebus, ascribed to few data available in previous literature. Therefore, to provide anatomical data and to support the other sciences related to anatomy, and to develop surgical and/or clinical procedures, we described the nerves of the legs of Cebus foccusing on their position and trajectory, as wll as innerved muscles, and compared these results with those of humans and other primates. Eight adult capuchin specimens were used for this study. The anatomical comparative study of the leg's nerves of Cebus demonstrated that, in general, structural organization of the nerves is similar among the four primates analyzed here (Cebus, chimpanzees, baboons and humans), which might be attributed to the fact that the all four primates have similar body structures. However, nerve trajectory and muscles innervation in Cebus was more similar to baboons

Arrangement and prevalence of branches in the external carotid artery in humans

The external carotid artery originates branches to face structures. The superior thyroid, lingual and facial arteries are originated from this vessel as artery trunks or separately. The aim of this study was to determinate the arrangement frequency of these artery branches. For this, thirty six (36) hemi-heads of adult cadavers from both genders were studied. The anatomic parts were fixed in 10% of formalin and dissected. The superior thyroid, lingual and facial arteries were analyzed in terms of their origins. The superior thyroid, lingual and facial arteries originated separately from the external or common carotid artery in 77.8% of the cases. A linguofacial trunk was observed in 19.9% of the cases and a thyrolingual trunk in 2.8%. A thyrolinguofacial trunk was not observed. In 51.2% cases the superior thyroid artery originated directly from the external carotid artery, in 45.3% from the bifurcation of the common carotid artery, and in 3.5% from the common carotid artery. Thus, the superior thyroid, lingual and facial arteries more frequently showed a separate origin from the external or common carotid artery. Among the combined artery trunks, the linguofacial trunk was most frequently observed, followed by the thyrolingual trunk. The superior thyroid artery originated more frequently from the external or common carotid artery; however, it also could emerge from the bifurcation of the common carotid artery

Comparative Anatomical Analyses of the Forearm Muscles of Cebus libidinosus (Rylands et al. 2000): Manipulatory Behavior and Tool Use

The present study describes the flexor and extensor muscles in Cebus libidinosus' forearm and compares them with those from humans, chimpanzees and baboons. The data is presented in quantitative anatomical indices for similarity. The capuchin forearm muscles showed important similarities with chimpanzees and humans, particularly those that act on thumb motion and allow certain degree of independence from other hand structures, even though their configuration does not enable a true opposable thumb. The characteristics of Cebus' forearm muscles corroborate the evolutionary convergence towards an adaptive behavior (tool use) between Cebus genus and apes

Reexamination of Statistical Methods for Comparative Anatomy: Examples of Its Application and Comparisons with Other Parametric and Nonparametric Statistics

Various statistical methods have been published for comparative anatomy. However, few studies compared parametric and nonparametric statistical methods. Moreover, some previous studies using statistical method for comparative anatomy (SMCA) proposed the formula for comparison of groups of anatomical structures (multiple structures) among different species. The present paper described the usage of SMCA and compared the results by SMCA with those by parametric test (t-test) and nonparametric analyses (cladistics) of anatomical data. In conclusion, the SMCA can offer a more exact and precise way to compare single and multiple anatomical structures across different species, which requires analyses of nominal features in comparative anatomy

Estudo anatômico de músculos profundos do antebraço de Cebus apella (Linnaeus, 1766) - DOI: 10.4025/actascibiolsci.v27i3.1351

Eight adult specimens of Cebus paella were used for anatomical muscles characterization. The animals were donated by the Brazilian Institute of Environment and Recyclable Natural Resources (Ibama – Instituto Brasileiro de Meio – Ambiente), from Sete Lagoas, state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, and sacrificed according to the recommendations of Brazilian College of Animal Experimentation (Cobea – Colégio Brasileiro de Experimentação Animal). This work was approved by ethics committee from UFU (Federal University of Uberlândia). The muscles (1) squared pronator, (2) deep fingers flexor and (3) long thumb flexor were studied. In human beings, the deep muscles of Cebus paella have some general common characteristics, but differ in form, vascularization and innervation. These differences should reflect the functional specialization of those muscles between the two species. The long thumb flexor muscle is important for human beings’ fingers movement since the force of hand in Cebus paella is a necessary characteristic to this species, according to its arboreous habitEste trabalho utilizou 8 espécimes adultos de Cebus apella para caracterização anatômica de músculos do antebraço. Os animais foram doados pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Meio Ambiente e Recursos Naturais Renováveis (Ibama), de Sete Lagoas, Estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil, e sacrificados segundo as recomendações do Colégio Brasileiro de Experimentação Animal (Cobea). O trabalho foi aprovado pelo comitê de ética da UFU. Foram estudados os músculos (1) pronador quadrado, (2) flexor profundo dos dedos e (3) flexor longo do polegar. Em relação aos humanos, os músculos profundos do antebraço de Cebus apella apresentaram características gerais comuns, mas com algumas diferenças na forma, na vascularização e na inervação, diferenças que devem refletir as especializações funcionais daqueles músculos entre as duas espécies. O músculo flexor profundo do polegar privilegia a habilidade de movimentação dos dedos em humanos, e a força da mão em Cebus apella mostra-se necessária nessa espécie, em função de seus hábitos arbóreo

Comparative anatomical study of the leg's nerves of Cebus (barbed capuchins) with baboons, chimpanzees and modern humans Estudo anatômico comparativo dos nervos da perna de Cebus (macaco-prego) com babuínos, chimpanzés e humanos modernos

The anatomical comparative studies among the primates are important for the investigation of ethology, evolution, taxonomy, and comprehension of tools by hominoids. Especially the anatomical knowledge of Cebus contributes to conservation of the species, and to development of surgical procedures and clinical treatments of these animals, as they frequently are victims of automobile accidents. Recent anatomical studies came to a wrong conclusion regarding behavioral traits of Cebus, ascribed to few data available in previous literature. Therefore, to provide anatomical data and to support the other sciences related to anatomy, and to develop surgical and/or clinical procedures, we described the nerves of the legs of Cebus foccusing on their position and trajectory, as wll as innerved muscles, and compared these results with those of humans and other primates. Eight adult capuchin specimens were used for this study. The anatomical comparative study of the leg's nerves of Cebus demonstrated that, in general, structural organization of the nerves is similar among the four primates analyzed here (Cebus, chimpanzees, baboons and humans), which might be attributed to the fact that the all four primates have similar body structures. However, nerve trajectory and muscles innervation in Cebus was more similar to baboons.Os estudos anatômicos comparativos entre os primatas são importantes para pesquisas associadas com a etologia, evolução, taxonomia e compreensão dos usos de ferramentas pelos hominídeos. Especificamente, o conhecimento anatômico sobre Cebus contribui para sua própria conservação e para o desenvolvimento de procedimentos cirúrgicos e tratamentos clínicos destes animais, pois são frequentemente vítimas de acidentes automobilísticos. Recentemente, estudos sobre características comportamentais de Cebus indicaram conclusões erradas sobre sua anatomia, o que pode ser atribuído aos poucos dados disponíveis sobre a anatomia desses animais na literatura especializada. Portanto, para fornecer dados anatômicos e fornecer suporte para as outras ciências relacionadas com a anatomia e também desenvolver procedimentos cirúrgicos e/ou clínicos, foram descritos os nervos das pernas de Cebus com enfoque sobre a posição, a trajetória e os músculos inervados, e comparar esses resultados com os dos humanos modernos e outros primatas. Oito espécimes adultos de macacos-prego foram usados para este estudo. O estudo anatômico comparativo dos nervos da perna de Cebus demonstrou que, em geral, a organização estrutural dos nervos é semelhante entre os quatro primatas aqui analisados (Cebus, chimpanzés, babuínos e humanos modernos), o que pode ser atribuído ao fato de que os quatro primatas terem estruturas corporais semelhantes. No entanto, a trajetória dos nervos e a inervação dos músculos em Cebus o aproximam dos babuínos

A capuchin right hand.

<p>Dissection shows (arrow) the tendon of insertion of digit I long flexor muscle, (1) opponent muscle, and adductor muscle’s (2a) oblique head and (2b) transverse head. (bar = 2.8 cm).</p

Photograph of the anterior aspect of forearm left of <i>C.l.</i>

<p>The arrow is indicating the tendon of flexor pollicis longus. 1) flexor digitorum profundus muscle and 2) flexor pollicis longus muscle. (bar = 0,7 cm).</p

Comparative analyses of the flexor superficial muscles forearm among <i>Cebus libidinosus</i> (<i>C.l.</i>), human (<i>Homo</i>), chimpanzee (<i>Pan</i>) and baboon (<i>Papio</i>).

<p>Comparative analyses of the flexor superficial muscles forearm among <i>Cebus libidinosus</i> (<i>C.l.</i>), human (<i>Homo</i>), chimpanzee (<i>Pan</i>) and baboon (<i>Papio</i>).</p