Online Games

When we agreed to edit the theme on online games for this Encyclopedia our first question was, “What is meant by online games?” Scholars of games distinguish between nondigital games (such as board games) and digital games, rather than between online and offline games. With networked consoles and smartphones it is becoming harder and harder to find players in the wealthy industrialized countries who play “offline” digital games. Most games developers now include some element of online activity in their game and the question is:What is the degree to which the gameplay experience occurs online? Is online gameplay more a multiplayer than an individual experience? If we move beyond the technological meaning of “being online” we should, as Newman (2002) argued, be concerned with varying degrees of participation during gameplay

Comprehensive Molecular Characterization of Papillary Renal-Cell Carcinoma

BACKGROUND Papillary renal-cell carcinoma, which accounts for 15 to 20% of renal-cell carcinomas, is a heterogeneous disease that consists of various types of renal cancer, including tumors with indolent, multifocal presentation and solitary tumors with an aggressive, highly lethal phenotype. Little is known about the genetic basis of sporadic papillary renal-cell carcinoma, and no effective forms of therapy for advanced disease exist. METHODS We performed comprehensive molecular characterization of 161 primary papillary renal-cell carcinomas, using whole-exome sequencing, copy-number analysis, messenger RNA and microRNA sequencing, DNA-methylation analysis, and proteomic analysis. RESULTS Type 1 and type 2 papillary renal-cell carcinomas were shown to be different types of renal cancer characterized by specific genetic alterations, with type 2 further classified into three individual subgroups on the basis of molecular differences associated with patient survival. Type 1 tumors were associated with MET alterations, whereas type 2 tumors were characterized by CDKN2A silencing, SETD2 mutations, TFE3 fusions, and increased expression of the NRF2'antioxidant response element (ARE) pathway. A CpG island methylator phenotype (CIMP) was observed in a distinct subgroup of type 2 papillary renal-cell carcinomas that was characterized by poor survival and mutation of the gene encoding fumarate hydratase (FH). CONCLUSIONS Type 1 and type 2 papillary renal-cell carcinomas were shown to be clinically and biologically distinct. Alterations in the MET pathway were associated with type 1, and activation of the NRF2-ARE pathway was associated with type 2; CDKN2A loss and CIMP in type 2 conveyed a poor prognosis. Furthermore, type 2 papillary renalcell carcinoma consisted of at least three subtypes based on molecular and phenotypic features

Practical evaluation of IR within automated classification systems

This paper describes some of the work we have done to evaluate and compare the use of three IR systems (Verity, LSI, and SMART) as black boxes within an au-tomated classification environment. We use automated classification to make a quantitative comparison of the effectiveness of the systems within this context. In so doing, we also develop criteria for the construction of a useful training set. These results lead to metrics useful in the integration of IR systems into larger applications. We conclude with an initial API for an IR component within an automated classification architecture

O uso de documentos eletrônicos na contabilidade

O objetivo deste artigo é tecer algumas considerações a respeito dos documentos eletrônicos utilizados na contabilidade das empresas. O artigo inclui uma rápida descrição de como esta matéria vem sendo tratada por alguns órgãos normatizadores e instituições dos Estados Unidos da América. Também, o artigo pretende conceituar e verificar os fundamentos dos documentos, dos documentos eletrônicos e, por fim, dos documentos contábeis. Neste sentido, foram verificados alguns dispositivos legais que amparam o uso deste tipo de documento, bem como a situação de alguns projetos de leis que disciplinam esta matéria. Os resultados mostram um momento de transição, coerente com a mudança de paradigmas que está ocorrendo na chamada nova economia. Também revelam alguns problemas, tais como a falta de legislação específica que dê suporte ao uso dos documentos eletrônicos na contabilidade.<br>The main objective of this article is to elaborate some thoughts on electronic documents used in corporate accounting. This article is a quick summary of how electronic documents have been treated by corporate regulatory agencies in the USA.The article also intends to create concepts and verify the foundations of the documents, that is, electronic documents and accounting documents. Therefore, rules and laws were verified, as well as Law Projects related to the issue. The results show a transition period in accordance with paradigm changes, which are a result of the new economy. Additionally, it reveals some problems such as a lack of specific legislation in the use of electronic documents in accounting