LINGUISTIC ELECTRONIC GAMES IN THE PROCESS OF JUNIOR SCHOOLCHILD'S SPEECH DEVELOPMENT

In the article, we touched upon the problem of junior schoolchildren's speech development, in which we emphasized the importance of electronic linguistic games in modern times. We conducted studies and developed a number of electronic linguistic games, taking into consideration the age characteristics of junior schoolchildren. Through the experiment we justified the effectiveness of the usage of mentioned games by qualitative analyzing the obtained results, and suggested methodological instructions.Thus, electronic linguistic games contribute to the development of learner's basic linguistic knowledge, the psychic processes of the individual, and, eventually, the speech.In the article, we touched upon the problem of junior schoolchildren's speech development, in which we emphasized the importance of electronic linguistic games in modern times. We conducted studies and developed a number of electronic linguistic games, taking into consideration the age characteristics of junior schoolchildren. Through the experiment we justified the effectiveness of the usage of mentioned games by qualitative analyzing the obtained results, and suggested methodological instructions.Thus, electronic linguistic games contribute to the development of learner's basic linguistic knowledge, the psychic processes of the individual, and, eventually, the speech

Self-determined citizens? New forms of civic activism and citizenship in Armenia

This article examines the recent emergence and growth of grassroots social movements in Armenia which are locally known as ‘civic initiatives’. It considers what their emergence tells us about the development of civil society and the changing understandings and practices of citizenship in Armenia in the post-Soviet period. It analyses why civic initiatives explicitly reject and distance themselves from formal, professionalised NGOs and what new models of civic activism and citizenship they have introduced. It argues that civic initiatives embrace a more political understanding of civil society than that which was introduced by Western donors in the 1990s

Application of high-resolution spectral absorbance measurements to determine dissolved organic carbon concentration in remote areas

Accurate quantification of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in surface and soil pore waters is crucial for understanding changes in water resources under the influence of climate and land use changes. Sampling and laboratory analysis of DOC content at a sufficient temporal frequency are especially difficult to achieve for natural DOC sources like the extensive boreal and arctic mire landscapes due to their remoteness. Therefore, the goals of this paper are (1) to investigate the performance of a portable, high-resolution ultraviolet–visible light spectroscopic method for determining the DOC content of surface and soil pore water samples from a boreal mire complex and (2) to compare the spectroscopic method with other DOC measurement techniques, e.g., the wet heated persulfate oxidation method and a laboratory, expulsion-based spectrophotometric method and (3) to assess different multivariate models that relate absorbance measurements with DOC contents. The study indicates that high-resolution spectroscopic measurements provide a simple, robust and non-destructive method for measuring DOC content. These measurements are of short duration (\u3c1 \u3emin) and the sample analysis is portable, rendering this method particularly advantageous for in situ investigations at remote field locations. The study also demonstrates that if absorbances at specific wavelengths are used as proxies for DOC concentration, it is recommended to create site-specific calibration models that include more than one wavelength to achieve the optimal accuracy of the proxy-based DOC quantification

Spatial Variations in Pore-Water Biogeochemistry Greatly Exceed Temporal Changes During Baseflow Conditions in a Boreal River Valley Mire Complex, Northwest Russia

Mobilization and release of carbon from mires to the atmospheric and aquatic systems depend on biogeochemical conditions in the peat soils. These conditions can widely vary within the large boreal mire complexes that are typically composed of a variety of mesoscale ecohydrological landscape units. This study aims to characterize spatial and temporal variations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and major base ion concentrations in surface and soil pore waters of a typical boreal river valley mire complex in northwest Russia. Three mesoscale ecohydrological landscape units were identified based on vegetation, topography and water table characteristics and investigated with regard to their hydrochemistry: bog, fen and marginal swamp forest. The highest DOC concentrations were detected in the swamp forest, and the lowest concentrations were observed at the bog (swamp forest: 42–54 mg L−1, fen: 28–38 mg L−1, bog: 20–28 mg L−1). The transitional swamp forest zone was also the primary contributor of the water discharged from the investigated site. Thus, these transitional zones should be investigated in more detail because these previously largely neglected landscape units appear to have a strong effect on biogeochemical properties of the discharged water and are potentially major greenhouse gas emitters

Dissolved organic matter dynamics during the spring snowmelt at a boreal river valley mire complex in Northwest Russia

Boreal mire landscapes are rich in soil carbon and significantly contribute to the carbon input of aquatic ecosystems. They are composed of different mesoscale ecohydrological subunits, whose individual contributions to the water and carbon export of mire catchments are not well understood. The spring snowmelt period is the major hydrological event in the annual water cycle of the boreal regions and strongly influences the carbon flux between the terrestrial and aquatic systems. The aim of this study was (1) to provide a conceptual understanding of the spatial and temporal dynamics of the surface water chemistry along a swamp forest‐fen‐bog gradient during the snowmelt period, (2) to quantify the exported dissolved organic carbon (DOC) content in the runoff and (3) to identify the ecohydrological landscape unit that contributes most to DOC export during the snowmelt period in a heterogeneous mire complex in Northwest Russia. The highest DOC concentrations were detected in the swamp forest, and the lowest concentrations were observed at the treeless bog by the end of the snowmelt period (swamp forest: 37–43 mg l−1, bog: 13–17 mg l−1). During the spring snowmelt period, a significant amount (~1.7 g C m−2) of DOC was transferred by the ~74 mm of runoff from the catchment into the river. Variability in the thawing periods led to differences in the relative contributions of each ecohydrological zone to the carbon export measured at a stream channel draining the studied part of the mire complex. An increased understanding of the variation in DOC concentrations and contributions from the mesoscale ecohydrological subunits to carbon export can help to predict the potential regional loss of DOC based on land cover type under climate change