Calcul du coefficient de constriction du flux thermique dans une matrice d'interconnexions en micro-électronique

La modélisation du flux thermique à travers une matrice d’interconnexions par éléments finis inclut de manière générale la modélisation complète d’au moins un élément d’interconnexion dans son intégralité. Ce procédé de discrétisation numérique étant très couteux en temps, des modèles mathématiques prenant en compte la géométrie de l’interconnexion et les propriétés des matériaux permettent de remplacer l’interconnexion et l’éventuel matériaux de remplissage par une couche équivalente homogène afin de diminuer le temps de calcul. Ces formules introduisent un paramètre appelé paramètre de constriction qui aide à représenter la résistance thermique due à la constriction du flux par l’élément d’interconnexion. Cependant, en comparant les modèles simplifiés aux modèles avec une modélisation complète de l’interconnexion, il est apparu que les résultats numériques obtenus présentent des écarts. Il en a donc été déduit que les formules pour calculer le paramètre de constriction n’étaient pas les mieux adaptées pour les géométries complexes des éléments d’interconnexions qu’il fallait représenter pour ce projet. Ce projet de maîtrise présente l’influence sur les simulations des différents paramètres géométriques (épaisseur de l’interconnexion, volume de l’élément d’interconnexion, densité du maillage défini par le nombre d’éléments d’interconnexions, présence d’un défaut d’alignement entre les deux parties à connecter) et des matériaux (différence de conductivité entre l’élément d’interconnexion et le matériau de remplissage)

A Critical Exploration of Ideology and Agency in Intensive Motherhood Literature

This dissertation explores how scholars have extended Sharon Hays’ (1997) influential work on Intensive Motherhood Ideology (IM). In conceptualizing IM, Dr. Hays proposed that IM ideology leads women in cisgender heterosexual unions to spend more time caregiving despite increased participation in paid work, compared to prior decades. Dr. Hays further asserted IM is a form of resistance to neoliberalism (i.e., capitalism based on a free-market system). However, it is unclear to what degree women are driven by an oppressive ideology and/or are making important social contributions based on conscious choice, which carries important implications for women’s agency. Through content analyses, I examine scholars’ treatment of ideology and agency across IM literature. Additionally, I engage in an autoethnographic study to make meaning of how I perceive women’s (and my) experiences reflected in the literature. Findings suggest limitations and androcentric perspectives that affect our understanding of motherhood. Most scholars focus on how women adhere to IM ideology, rarely why. Authors’ positions on agency are clearly articulated in only a small subset of articles. Participants are often described as adapting to or negotiating with a pervasive ideology within their unique contexts and only some manage to resist. I also find that women’s social constraints are ignored or considered in limited ways. Lastly, such limitations in IM literature risk tainting the larger motherhood literature with such perspectives. Implications of these findings are discussed, and suggestions made to promote a more representative and accurate understanding of women’s lived experience

Impact of downstream processing on crystal quality during the precipitation of a pharmaceutical product

In pharmaceutical industries, active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) are made of crystals whose properties must be controlled because they influence the end-use properties of the drug. Even if crystal quality is mainly determined during the precipitation step, downstream processing also has an influence. In this study, the influence of washing on the crystal size and shape was analyzed. For the API being considered, different impurities have to be removed from the final suspension by filter cake washing. The efficiency of the washing steps was measured by different types of characterization on the solid phase (differential scanning calorimetry, scanning electron microscopy, and size distribution) and on the remaining filtrate (concentration of impurities). A second component also coprecipitates with the API. A specific study has been carried out on the withdrawal of this by-product and on its impact on the evolution of the crystalline form during washing steps. It was found that three filter cake washings allow us to remove all the impurities and to obtain a pure crystalline form

Influence of pH, Temperature and Impurities on the Solubility of an Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API)

Solubility, which defines the liquid /solid equilibrium, is a key parameter to control a crystallization process. This work is focused on the effects of pH, temperature and impurities on the aqueous solubility of an Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient (API).As the API is a weak acid (pKa = 3.7), its solubility increases with the pH. On the basis of the experimental curve of solubility, a model was defined to fit the evolution of the solubility as a function of pH. In the case of this compound, studies revealed a weak influence of the temperature in comparison with the pH. So, the solubility of the compound is slightly impacted by the temperature.Some experiments were carried out in order to compare the solubility of the API, at the same pH and temperature, for different concentrations of impurities found in the process. The results revealed a solubility increase in presence of acetic acid and a high solubility decrease in presence of sodium chloride. By carrying out experiments on common ions salts, the anion chloride Cl- has been identified as the cause of the solubility decrease

Now on Display: In-Line Linking in the Age of the Server Test

In 2007, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit adopted a new interpretation of 17 U.S.C. § 106(5), which codifies the display right of the Copyright Act of 1976. In Perfect 10 v. Amazon.com, the Ninth Circuit read § 106(5) to mean that creative works made visible on web pages through in-line linking, an architectural pillar of modern web design, would not infringe on a copyright owner’s display right if the work was not actually copied onto the website’s server. Since its adoption, this approach—known as the Server Test—has been lauded by search engine providers and web developers, critiqued by scholars and copyright holders, circumvented by the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit, and even flatly rejected by the U.S. District Courts for the Northern District of Texas and the Southern District of New York. Chronicling the histories of the display right and the World Wide Web, as well as the Server Test’s serpentine path to settled law in the Ninth Circuit, this Note hails the Server Test as a valuable device for engaging with the mechanics of in-line linking and defining the display right. Despite acknowledging its value, this Note proposes that the Server Test incorrectly places the act of infringement at the server level. Instead, this Note suggests that the Server Test be reconfigured into a new test, called the “Display Test,” that guides courts and litigants through a three-step inquiry to more accurately locate where and how content is displayed. The Display Test asks (1) what is being shown and where that work is stored (i.e., the Server Test); (2) to whom the work is displayed and whether it is shown to the public; and (3) who caused the work to be displayed, thereby balancing the interests of users, owners, and web developers. The Display Test also narrowly defines “copy” and “public” for the purposes of the display right, as distinct from the performance or copy rights. The Display Test may better balance the realities of modern web use with the development of the display right as a flexible tool that can accommodate future technological innovation

Characterization of the conglomerate form of acetyl-dl-leucine by thermal analysis and solubility measurements

Starting from a mixture of enantiomers in solution, crystallization can generate different types of crystals. In order to determine which type of crystal is obtained in the case of acetylleucine, an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API), analytical methods have been used to partially elucidate the binary and ternary phase diagrams of the system composed of the two enantiomers and water.The melting temperature phase diagram of this compound has been obtained by using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analyzes. The results show that it is characteristic of a conglomerate. This mode of crystallization has also been confirmed by X-ray powder diffraction analysis. Solubility measurements of enantiomerical mixtures in water enabled the determination of the ternary diagram of solubility. The empiric Meyerhoffer double solubility rule has been modified, due to the characterization of interactions between enantiomers

La comptabilité peut-elle dire le vrai ?

Les comptes des entreprises ont récemment défrayé la chronique. Il faut dire que la comptabilité peut mentir, comme le montrera l’histoire du redressement spectaculaire de l’entreprise Cacahuète S.A. Peut-elle même dire le vrai ? La comptabilité, loin d’être une science exacte, est un art du consensus. Or ce consensus a achevé de se lézarder avec la bulle internet, faisant apparaître au grand jour des failles dans le système d’information financière. Trouvera-t-on de nouveaux consensus

An Autoethnographic Dialogue with Motherhood Literature

This autoethnography represents the first author’s journey as a mother and doctoral student researching mothers’ experiences in contending with the demands of work and family. Reading across different pockets of empirical motherhood literature (work-family conflict, contemporary motherhood, maternal gatekeeping, and intensive motherhood) I became troubled by how women’s realities were reflected. Pushing back against traditional methods that endorse separating my researcher identity from my maternal self, I draw on autoethnographic method to dialogue with this literature. This approach empowers me to speak out as a novice scholar uncomfortable with aspects of literature, while also navigating training in the use of traditional methods that often provide a directive to separate academic and personal identities. Importantly, doing so enables me to identify powerful insights about limitations in the literature, and how specific pockets of research can adversely affect the broader motherhood literature