An Enhanced Ipv6 Anycast Routing Protocol Using Protocol Independent Multicast-Sparse Mode With Mobile Ipv6

Anycast routing is an efficient routing mechanism that enables the network to choose the nearest and most appropriate server very quickly. However, IPv6 Anycast is not used widely in practice yet, and there are many reasons for this. Firstly, IPv6 Anycast does not have its own standard protocol because anycast builds its anycast membership tree like multicast does but unlike multicast it sends only to one of the groups using unicast mechanism. The other problem is that IPv6 Anycast mechanism could not provide stateful connections between the sender and the receiver because the sender always change the receiver based on the metric or the distance. In this thesis a new IPv6 anycast routing protocol is developed to provide a stateful communication between the anycast sender and the receiver. Protocol Independent Multicast-Sparse Mode (PIM-SM) has been chosen to establish the new IPv6 anycast mechanism because of many similar properties between multicast and anycast. A new variable is proposed in the routing table called Best Metric Factor (BMF) to describe the status of the receiver (free or Busy). This factor is used to decide the appropriate receiver to choose, the advantage of the proposed design can be observed easily when there are multi-anycast senders sending their traffic to the appropriate receiver at the same time. Next we improve the mechanism by building a direct connection between the anycast sender and the anycast receiver using route optimization by mapping the objects in Mobile IPv6 to the objects in the proposed mechanism. This is because there are many similar properties between Mobile IPv6 and the proposed design. The proposed mechanism has been shown to achieve a good performance with multi-anycast senders and can provide a stateful communication between the sender and the appropriate receiver

Automated quantitative analysis of single and double label autoradiographs

A method for the analysis of silver grain content in both single and double label autoradiographs is presented. The total grain area is calculated by counting the number of pixels at which the recorded light intensity in transmission dark field illumination exceeds a selected threshold. The calibration tests included autoradiographs with low (3H- thymidin) and high (3H-desoxyuridin) silver grain density. The results are proportional to the customary visual grain count. For the range of visibly countable grain densities in single labeled specimens, the correlation coefficient between the computed values and the visual grain counts is better than 0.96. In the first emulsion of the two emulsion layer autoradiographs of double labeled specimens (3H-14C- thymidin) the correlation coefficient is 0.919 and 0.906. The method provides a statistical correction for the background grains not due to the isotope. The possibility to record 14C tracks by shifting the focus through the second emulsion of the double labeled specimens is also demonstrated. The reported technique is essentially independent of size, shape and density of the grains

An enhanced IPv6 anycast routing protocol using Protocol Independent Multicast-Sparse Mode (PIM-SM)

Although the demands for finding an economical routing protocol that provides the service to the clients in shortest time and least cost are increasing. IPv6 Anycast still has a lot of issues and problems in practical applications. One of the problems is that IPv6 Anycast still does not have its own standard protocol. In this paper we develop a new Anycast routing protocol by modifying the existing multicast routing protocol because anycast and multicast have many similar properties. Protocol Independent Multicast-Sparse Mode (PIM-SM) is chosen as a basis to design a new anycast routing protocol. We next improve the design by considering the status (free or busy) of the anycast receivers as an important factor in our design. Besides the metric value of the receiver, we propose a new variable in the routing table called BMF (Best Metric Factor)

Participatory agro-climate information services: A key component in climate resilient agriculture

The brief promotes participatory agro-climate information services as a key component in achieving climate-smart agriculture. The brief emphasizes that actionable agro-climate information starts with—and responds to—gender-based needs of farmers, integrated at all stages of the value chain. Timely forecasts and accurate agroclimate advisories have been proven to provide farmers with production, adaptation, and mitigation benefits

Coalition building and consensus in the Council of the European Union

peer-reviewedAlthough qualified-majority voting is possible, member states in the Council of the European Union (EU) still adopt most policies by consensus. The agent-based model of coalition building in multilateral negotiations presented here addresses this puzzle. The model demonstrates that consensual decisions may emerge as an unintended by-product of government representatives' desire to form blocking coalitions. A qualitative case study demonstrates the plausibility of the model's assumptions and resulting coalition-building dynamics. Moreover, a quantitative test shows that the model's predictions correspond closely to the observed consensus rates. Finally, computational experiments predict a positive effect of the voting threshold but no effect of increases in membership on winning coalition size, which has important practical implications for institutional design and enlargement policy.ACCEPTEDpeer-reviewe

Prevalence of toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis in an Australian adult population: A community-based study

Purpose: Toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis is the most common clinical manifestation of an infection with the protozoan parasite, Toxoplasma gondii. Up to 50 % of the human population is estimated to be infected with T. gondii; however, the epidemiology of toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis has not been widely reported. We sought to estimate the prevalence of toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis in Australia using data that were collected as part of the Busselton Healthy Ageing Study. Design: oss-sectional, community-based, prospective cohort study. Participants: 5020 Australian adults (2264 men and 2756 women; age range, 45–69 years, and median age, 58 years). Methods : Retinal color photographs, centered on the optic disc and macula, were captured using a digital retinal camera after the dilation of the pupils. Three uveitis-subspecialized ophthalmologists assessed each pigmented retinal lesion, and complete concordance of opinion was required to assign a toxoplasmic etiology. Serum T. gondii immunoglobulin (Ig)G levels were measured for those participants with retinal lesions judged to be toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis. Main Outcome Measures : Prevalence of toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis. Results: Eight participants (0.16 %) had retinal lesions that were considered to have the characteristic appearance of toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis, plus detectable serum T. gondii IgG, consistent with the diagnosis of toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis. On the assumption that 23.81 % of retinal lesions occur at the posterior pole, as reported in a community-based survey conducted in Brazil (Sci Rep. 2021;11:3420), the prevalence of toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis was estimated to be 0.67 % or 1 per 149 persons. Conclusions: Toxoplasmic retinochoroiditis is common in Australian adults. Efforts to quantify and address risk factors for human infection with T. gondii are justified

Electrooptic characterization of tunable cylindrical liquid crystal lenses

In this work, one-dimensional arrays of cylindrical adaptive liquid crystal lenses were manufactured and characterized; and test devices were filled with nematic liquid crystal. Comb interdigitated electrodes were designed as a mask pattern for the control electrode on the top glass substrates. A radial graded refractive index along each microsized lens was achieved by fabricating a layer of high resistance sheet deposited as a control electrode. These tunable lenses were switched by applying amplitude and frequency optimized waveforms on the control electrode. Phase profiles generated by the radial electric field distribution on each lens were measured by a convectional interferometric technique

Modelling historical and current irrigation water demand on the continental scale

Abstract. Water abstractions for irrigation purposes are higher than for any other pan-European water use sector and have a large influence on river runoff regimes. This modelling experiment assesses historic and current irrigation water demands for different crops in five arc minute spatial resolution for pan-Europe. Two different modelling frameworks have been applied in this study. First, soft-coupling the dynamic vegetation model LPJmL with the land use model LandSHIFT leads to overestimations of national irrigation water demands, which are rather high in the southern Mediterranean countries. This can be explained by unlimited water supply in the model structure and illegal or not gauged water abstractions in the reported data sets. The second modelling framework is WaterGAP3, which has an integrated conceptual crop specific irrigation module. Irrigation water requirements as modelled with WaterGAP3 feature a more realistic representation of pan-European water withdrawals. However, in colder humid regions, irrigation water demands are often underestimated. Additionally, a national database on crop-specific irrigated area and water withdrawal for all 42 countries within pan-Europe has been set up and integrated in both model frameworks