Prevalence and Characterization of Specific Phobia Disorder in People over 65 Years Old in a Madrid Community Sample (Spain) and its Relationship to Quality of Life

The prevalence of anxiety disorders over the last year among seniors ranged from 3.6% to 17.2%. The most prevalent disorders are specific phobias. Data are needed concerning the consequences of specific phobia disorder on the level of functioning and quality of life of older people, the age of onset of specific phobia disorder, and the duration of episodes. In total, 555 community-dwelling people aged between 65 and 84 years who lived in Madrid (Spain) were assessed (Composite International Diagnostic Interview for people over 65 years (CIDI65+), WHO Disability Assessment Schedule (WHODAS II), Health of the Nation Outcome Scales for Older Adults (HoNOS65+), World Health Organization Quality of Life Brief (WHOQOL-BREF). Prevalence rates and odds ratio, t-tests, binary logistic regression, and point-biserial correlations were calculated. A total of 12.07% of the sample suffered a specific phobia disorder over the last year. The average age at onset of the specific phobia was 38.78 (sd = 21.61) years. The mean duration of the phobia was approximately 20 (sd = 20) years. A significant effect of the specific phobia was found for the current levels of functioning and quality of life: WHOQOL-BREF total score (p < 0.05), WHODAS II overall score (p < 0.01), and HoNOS65+ total score (p < 0.001). Having specific phobia disorder decreased the level of functioning and negatively affected the quality of life. These data suggest the need for primary healthcare professionals to include the detection of specific phobia disorders in their protocols because people do not receive treatment for this problem, and they might carry it throughout their lives

Relación entre la Salud Mental y el Nivel de Funcionamiento de las Personas Mayores de 65 Años de la Comunidad de Madrid

El objetivo de este estudio es analizar la relación entre el nivel de funcionamiento (NdF) y las variables sociodemográficas y, salud física y mental de las personas mayores de 65 años. La muestra (N = 555) se tomó al azar en la Comunidad de Madrid. Los trastornos mentales se evaluaron con la CIDI65+ y el NdF con la WHODAS II y con la HoNOS65+. Se realizaron análisis de medias, ANOVA, ajuste de Bonferroni y un análisis de regresión lineal múltiple. Las mujeres presentan un NdF más bajo que los hombres y el NdF empeora con la edad. Los trastornos físicos y mentales tienen un impacto similar en el NdF. Las variables que ejercen un mayor impacto sobre el NdF son el número de síntomas psicológicos, la presencia de cualquier trastorno mental, una peor situación financiera, tener una mayor edad y otorgar poca importancia a las creencias religiosas

Estudio longitudinal de la percepción de soledad durante el confinamiento derivado de la Covid-19 en una muestra de población española

The aim of the study is to longitudinally analyse the effects of confinement derived from Covid-19 on the loneliness of the general Spanish population. It was assessed by an online survey at three points in time: two weeks after the start of confinement (N = 3480), one month after (N = 1041) and two months after the return to normal (N = 569). Measures were taken of sociodemographic variables, loneliness, social support, depressive and anxious symptoms. To analyse the effect of the longitudinal measures, a mixed linear model (GLMM) was calculated for the solitude variable. Posthoc comparisons for the time variable were calculated using the marginal means estimated with Tuckey's correction. The analyses have been carried out using the R software (v3.5.6) and the lme4 and emmeans packages. The trend in loneliness scores is downward throughout the longitudinal study, decreasing the scores in the third evaluation significantly (Z(T1-T2) = 0.13, p = .045). The main predictors for loneliness are depressive symptomatology and social support. Greater attention needs to be paid to loneliness in these situations, in addition to presenting attention to associated depressive symptomatology and measures to strengthen social support networks in these circumstancesEl objetivo del estudio es analizar longitudinalmente los efectos del confinamiento derivados de la Covid-19 en la soledad de la población general española. Se evaluó mediante una encuesta online en tres momentos: dos semanas después del inicio del confinamiento (N = 3480), un mes después (N = 1041) y dos meses después con la vuelta al a nueva normalidad (N = 569). Se tomaron medidas de variables sociodemográficas, soledad, apoyo social, sintomatología depresiva y ansiosa. Para analizar el efecto de las medidas longitudinales se calculó un modelo lineal mixto (GLMM) para la variable soledad, con comparaciones posthoc mediante medias marginales estimadas con la corrección de Tuckey. La tendencia en las puntuaciones de soledad es descendente a lo largo del estudio longitudinal, disminuyendo las puntuaciones en la tercera evaluación de forma significativa (Z(T1-T2) = 0.13, p = 0.045). Los principales predictores para la soledad son la sintomatología depresiva y el apoyo social. Es necesario prestar una mayor atención a la soledad en la situación derivada por la pandemia, además de presentar atención a la sintomatología depresiva asociada y a las medidas de fortalecimiento de las redes de apoyo social

Soledad, salud mental y la COVID-19 en la población española

The study aim was to assess the effects of the health emergency and the stay-at-home restrictions on loneliness variables in the Spanish population during the initial stage of COVID-19. A cross-sectional study was conducted through an online survey of 3480 people. From March 14, 2020, screening tests were used to evaluate sociodemographic and COVID-19-related data on loneliness, social support, the presence of mental health symptoms, discrimination, and spiritual well-being. Descriptive analyses were conducted and linear regression models were constructed. A negative association was found between loneliness and being older, being partnered, having children, being a university graduate, being retired or still working, having stronger religious beliefs, believing that information provided about the pandemic was adequate, having social support, and having self-compassion. Actions that promote social support and further studies on loneliness in groups of older people are needed to prevent the pandemic having a stronger impact on mental health and well-being.El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar los efectos de la emergencia sanitaria y el confinamiento de la primera oleada de COVID-19 sobre las variables de soledad en la población española. Se realizó un estudio transversal mediante una encuesta online a 3480 personas. Se evaluaron datos sociodemográficos y relacionados con la COVID-19 sobre la soledad, el apoyo social, la presencia de síntomas de salud mental, la discriminación y el bienestar espiritual mediante pruebas de detección a partir del 14 de marzo. Se realizaron análisis descriptivos y se elaboraron modelos de regresión lineal. Pertenecer al grupo de mayor edad, vivir en pareja, tener hijos y estudios universitarios, estar jubilado o seguir trabajando, valorar bastante la religión, creer que se había proporcionado información adecuada sobre la pandemia, tener apoyo social y la autocompasión se relacionaron negativamente con la soledad. Son necesarias acciones que promuevan el apoyo social, así como un mayor estudio de la soledad en grupos de personas mayores, para evitar un mayor impacto de la pandemia en nuestra salud mental y bienestar

Propuesta de aplicación de metodologías activas e inductivas en la enseñanza del Máster en Psicología General Sanitaria

Preparación de clases interactivas sobre algunos temas del Máster en Psicología General Sanitaria, siguiendo metodologías activas e inductivas en modelos educativos de aula inversa, utilizando estrategias de desarrollo profesional colaborativo

Study approach and field work procedures of the MentDis_ICF65+ project on the prevalence of mental disorders in the older adult European population

Background This study describes the study approach and field procedures of the MentDis_ICF65+ study, which aims to assess the prevalence of mental disorders in older adults. Methods An age-appropriate version of the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI65+) was developed and tested with regard to its feasibility and psychometric properties in a pre-test and pilot phase. In the cross-sectional survey an age-stratified, random sample of older adults (65–84 years) living in selected catchment areas of five European countries and Israel was recruited. Results N = 3142 participants (mean age 73.7 years, 50.7% female) took part in face-to-face interviews. The mean response rate was 20% and varied significantly between centres, age and gender groups. Sociodemographic differences between the study centres appeared for the place of birth, number of grandchildren, close significants, retirement and self-rated financial situation. The comparison of the MentDis_ICF65+ sample with the catchment area and country population of the study centres revealed significant differences, although most of these were numerically small. Conclusions The study will generate new information on the prevalence of common mental disorders among older adults across Europe using an age-appropriate, standardized diagnostic instrument and a harmonized approach to sampling. Generalizability of the findings and a potentially limited representativeness are discussed

Relationship between Quality of Life and Sociodemographic, Physical and Mental Health Variables in People over 65 in the Community of Madrid

Except in the case of depression, there are few studies that analyze mental health variables related to quality of life (QoL) in people over 65 years of age. The objective of this study is to analyze the relationship between QoL and the following variables: sociodemographic and physical and mental health of people over 65 years of age. The sample was randomly selected and consists of men and women between 65 and 84 years of age (N = 555) from the Community of Madrid. Mental disorders were evaluated with the CIDI65+ interview and QoL with the WHOQoL-BREF scale. Means, ANOVA and multiple linear regression analyses were performed. Women have worse QoL than men and QoL worsens with age. The regression model for the dependent variable &ldquo;WHOQoL BREF Scale&rdquo; explains 41.43% of the variance (R2 = 0.413). The variables that have the greatest impact on QoL are as follows: a greater number of physical and psychological symptoms, experiencing financial difficulties and the presence of a psychological disorder, while continuing to work has a positive effect on QoL. Physical and mental disorders have a similar impact on QoL. The presence of a greater number of psychological symptoms (without necessarily fulfilling the criteria of a mental disorder) is a predictive variable of worse QoL. Mental health has a burden on the QoL of people over 65 years of age that is as powerful as physical health

Revista de logopedia, foniatría y audiología

Título, resumen y palabras clave en español e inglésResumen basado en el de la publicaciónLa presbifonía aparece en personas mayores a causa del envejecimiento de las cuerdas vocales. Normalmente, la sintomatología comienza entre los 60-65 años, aunque puede aparecer antes, en torno a los 55 años. Es importante abordar a tiempo esta enfermedad, ya que la función vocal y como consecuencia la calidad de vida de los pacientes puede mejorar aplicando alguna de las diferentes técnicas de rehabilitación existentes. Un estudio señala la relación entre padecer presbifonía y los problemas de depresión, soledad y aislamiento social. Se revisan los estudios acerca de la eficacia de los tratamientos para la presbifonía en la población que envejece. Se realiza una búsqueda de estudios publicados en diferentes bases de datos entre enero de 2008 y abril de 2018. Se seleccionan 20 estudios que cumplen con los criterios de selección. Se señala que los tratamientos utilizados en pacientes con presbifonía mejoran cualitativa y cuantitativamente su calidad vocal. La técnica más usada es la terapia de la voz, aunque en muchas ocasiones se complementa con otras técnicas médicas como son la inyección y la cirugía de tiroplastia bilateral. Es necesario impulsar la investigación de esta enfermedad, ya que existe un número reducido de estudios y la muestra de éstos es pequeña. En Europa no se publican estudios sobre tratamientos eficaces para la presbifonía en personas mayores. Resultan necesarios protocolos en atención primaria de detección y tratamiento de este problema en la población mayor para mejorar la calidad de vida de las personas que lo sufran.Biblioteca de Educación del Ministerio de Educación, Cultura y Deporte; Calle San Agustín, 5 - 3 Planta; 28014 Madrid; Tel. +34917748000; [email protected]

Diez claves para la elaboración de informes psicológicos clínicos: de acuerdo a las principales leyes, estándares, normas y guías actuales

En el presente trabajo se enumeran una serie de recomendaciones o aspectos clave a considerar en la elaboración de informes psicológicos clínicos (IPC). Dichas recomendaciones emanan de la consideración de los leyes, normas, estándares y guías técnicas más actuales. Se indican 10 puntos clave: poseer la cualificación adecuada, respetar la dignidad, libertad, autonomía e intimidad del cliente, respetar y cumplir el derecho y el deber de informar al cliente, organizar los contenidos del informe, describir los instrumentos empleados y facilitar la comprensión de los datos, incluir el proceso de evaluación, las hipótesis formuladas y justificar las conclusiones, cuidar el estilo, mantener la confidencialidad y el secreto profesional, solicitar el consentimiento informado y proteger los documentos. Dichas recomendaciones se apoyan documentalmente en el Código Deontológico del Psicólogo (COP, 1987), los estándares de aplicación de los tests educativos y psicológicos de la APA (AERA, APA & NCME, 1999), las Guías para el Proceso de Evaluación Psicológica (GAP) (Fernández Ballesteros et al., 2001; 2003), el Código Ético de la APA (APA, 2002), el Manual de Publicación de la APA (APA, 2001), el Real Decreto de creación de la titulación de psicólogo especialista en Psicología Clínica (Real Decreto 2490/1998), el Real Decreto de Estatutos del Colegio Oficial de Psicólogos (Real Decreto 481/1999), la Ley de Protección de Datos de Carácter Personal (Ley Orgánica 15/1999) y la Ley básica reguladora de la autonomía del paciente y de derechos y obligaciones en materia de información y documentación clínica (Ley 41/2002)

People over 65 Years Old in Social Isolation: Description of an Effective Community Intervention in the City of Madrid (Spain)

Loneliness and social isolation in the elderly population can be shown to be a significant independent risk factor for several conditions, such as poor health behaviours, physical health problems and psychiatric conditions. Although, in the last 20 years, several interventions have been developed to reduce the impact of social isolation and loneliness on the health of older people. However, only a small proportion of these interventions are effective. This study aims to describe the components of the Psychological Support Service for Socially Isolated Elderly People (PSIE), in addition to analysing the effectiveness of a community intervention based on an outreach strategy to combat situations of social isolation in the elderly population. The sample consisted of 63 people over 65 years of age from the city of Madrid (Spain), detected by the socio-health services as people at risk of social isolation. Sociodemographic, mental health, health and psychosocial functioning, global functioning, disability and socio-sanitary needs were evaluated with observational scales. Descriptive statistics were calculated for sociodemographic and mental health variables. An analysis was carried out to study the possible influence of gender in the initial sample on the different variables assessed, using Chi-squared and Student&rsquo;s t-tests for independent samples, with measures of effect size in each case. A study of the effectiveness of PSIE was carried out with an analysis of pre- and post-treatment measures. A Student&rsquo;s t-test was used for related samples, as well as the effect size of Cohen&rsquo;s d statistic. For the assessment of the possible influence of gender on the results of the intervention, a 2 &times; 2 repeated-measures ANOVA (pre-/post-measures &times; gender) was conducted. Regarding mental health, 65.2% of the sample presented symptoms compatible with a severe mental disorder, the most frequent being psychotic disorder (22.7%), alcohol use disorder (16.7%), personality disorder (15.2%), anxiety disorders (10.4%) and mood disorders (10.4%). The gender variable does not seem to have an influence on any of the outcome measures studied. The results of the effectiveness study indicate that the PSIE is an intervention programme that serves to improve the scores of people in the sample in all variables that the programme studied. Some of the components of PSIE that could explain its effectiveness are individualized interventions, with a home-based approach by professionals, serving as a link between the older person and the normalized social-sanitary network. Further research is required to provide more robust data on the effectiveness of interventions