Validação de métodos de estimativa da gordura corporal em portadores do HIV/Aids

OBJECTIVE: To validate different methods for estimating HIV/Aids patients' body fat: total body skinfold thickness, central (trunk) skinfold thickness, peripheral (limb) skinfold thickness, waist circumference (WC) and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR). Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA) and computed tomography of the abdomen (CTA) were used as the gold standard. METHODS: An analysis was done on 15 adult HIV/Aids patients (10 men and 5 women) who were being treated at an Aids clinic at a public university hospital, Sao Paulo, Brazil. Their total subcutaneous fat (TSF) was estimated from the sum of the thicknesses of the biceps, triceps, subscapular, midaxillary, suprailiac, abdominal and medial calf skinfolds. The central subcutaneous fat (CSF) was estimated by summing the subscapular, axillary, suprailiac and abdominal skinfold measurements. The peripheral subcutaneous fat (PSF) was estimated by summing the biceps, triceps and medial calf skinfold measurements. These were compared with Dexa. The WC, WHR and CSF were compared with CTA. In the statistical analysis, the Pearson correlation coefficient (r) and Mann-Whitney test were utilized. RESULTS: There was a correlation between fat mass measured by DEXA and by TSF, CSF and PSF, even after adjusting for age (r>;0.80 for all). WC, WHR and CSF presented correlation with total abdominal fat measured by CTA, even after adjusting for age (r>;0.80 for all). CONCLUSIONS: The methods for estimating body fat should be chosen according to the type of fat to be evaluated and can be used in research and healthcare services instead of DEXA and CTA for HIV/AIDS patients.OBJETIVO: Validar métodos de estimativas da gordura corporal (somatória de espessura de dobras cutâneas, circunferência da cintura (CC) e razão cintura-quadril (RCQ)) em portadores do HIV/Aids, tendo como padrão ouro a absortometria por dupla emissão de raios-X (Dexa) e a tomografia computadorizada de abdômen (TCA). MÉTODOS: Foram estudados 15 portadores do HIV/Aids tratados em uma unidade de saúde coligada a um hospital público universitário, São Paulo. Foram medidas a gordura subcutânea total (GST) mediante a somatória da espessura de sete dobras (bíceps, tríceps, subescapular, axilar média, supra-ilíaca, abdominal e panturrilha medial), a gordura subcutânea central (GSC) (somatória da espessura de quatro dobras) e a gordura subcutânea de membros (GSM) (somatória da espessura de três dobras). A GST, GSC e GSM foram comparadas com as medidas de gordura obtidas pela Dexa. A CC, a RCQ e a GSC foram comparadas com as medidas de gordura obtidas pela TCA. Na análise estatística, utilizou-se o coeficiente de correlação de Pearson (r) e foi utilizado o teste de Mann-Whitney. RESULTADOS: A gordura medida pela Dexa foi correlacionada com GST, a GSC e GSM, mesmo após o ajuste pela idade (r>;0,80 para todos). A gordura total de abdômen medida pela TCA foi correlacionada com a CC, RCQ e a GSC após o ajuste pela idade (r>;0,80 para todos). CONCLUSÕES: Os métodos de estimativa da gordura corporal devem ser escolhidos de acordo com o tipo de gordura a ser avaliada e podem ser utilizados em pesquisas e nos serviços de saúde como alternativa à Dexa e TCA para portadores do HIV/Aids

Validação de métodos de estimativa da gordura corporal em portadores do HIV/Aids

OBJETIVO: Validar métodos de estimativas da gordura corporal (somatória de espessura de dobras cutâneas, circunferência da cintura (CC) e razão cintura-quadril (RCQ)) em portadores do HIV/Aids, tendo como padrão ouro a absortometria por dupla emissão de raios-X (Dexa) e a tomografia computadorizada de abdômen (TCA). MÉTODOS: Foram estudados 15 portadores do HIV/Aids tratados em uma unidade de saúde coligada a um hospital público universitário, São Paulo. Foram medidas a gordura subcutânea total (GST) mediante a somatória da espessura de sete dobras (bíceps, tríceps, subescapular, axilar média, supra-ilíaca, abdominal e panturrilha medial), a gordura subcutânea central (GSC) (somatória da espessura de quatro dobras) e a gordura subcutânea de membros (GSM) (somatória da espessura de três dobras). A GST, GSC e GSM foram comparadas com as medidas de gordura obtidas pela Dexa. A CC, a RCQ e a GSC foram comparadas com as medidas de gordura obtidas pela TCA. Na análise estatística, utilizou-se o coeficiente de correlação de Pearson (r) e foi utilizado o teste de Mann-Whitney. RESULTADOS: A gordura medida pela Dexa foi correlacionada com GST, a GSC e GSM, mesmo após o ajuste pela idade (r>0,80 para todos). A gordura total de abdômen medida pela TCA foi correlacionada com a CC, RCQ e a GSC após o ajuste pela idade (r>0,80 para todos). CONCLUSÕES: Os métodos de estimativa da gordura corporal devem ser escolhidos de acordo com o tipo de gordura a ser avaliada e podem ser utilizados em pesquisas e nos serviços de saúde como alternativa à Dexa e TCA para portadores do HIV/Aids

The results, expressed as the means with standard deviations, for the expression levels of PPAR-γ and C/EBPα in MSCs from control (n = 6) and malnourished (n = 6) animals as determined by Western blot analysis.

<p>The Western blot image was representative of six independent experiments with similar results. After densitometric analysis, results for PPAR-γ and C/EBPα protein expression were normalized to β-actin values. The number in brackets denotes the number of animals used in the experiment. *(p ≤ 0.05) indicates where there was a significant difference between the control group and the malnourished group.</p

Flow cytometry analyses of the bone marrow of control and malnourished mice.

<p>The selection of gates, R1, for the cell populations that were not labeled with fluorochromes are indicated (SSC in the y-axis vs. FSC in the x-axis). Immunophenotypical bone marrow analysis was carried out in gate R1 for CD117 and CD45 expression. The graphical results are expressed as the means with standard deviations for CD117⁺ and CD45⁺ expression by control (n = 6) and malnourished (n = 6) mice. The number in brackets denotes the number of animals used in the experiment. *(p ≤ 0.05) and ***(p ≤ 0.001) indicate where there was a significant difference between the control group and the malnourished group.</p

The results are expressed as the means with standard deviations and the area-under-the-curve of the production kinetics of SCF, IL-3, G-CSF and GM-CSF in MSC from control (n = 6) and malnourished (n = 6) animals cultured for 14 days.

<p>The number between the brackets denotes the number of samples evaluated per group in each timepoint studied. *(p ≤ 0.05) indicates where there was a significant difference between the control group and the malnourished group.</p

Bone marrow and spleen cell count of control and malnourished animals.

<p>The results are expressed as the means with standard deviation for the total and differential cell counts of bone marrow and spleen cells of the control and malnourished animals. The number in parentheses denotes the total number of animals used in the experiment.</p>*<p>(p ≤ 0.05), **(p ≤ 0.01) and ***(p ≤ 0.001) indicates where there was a significant difference between the control group and the malnourished group.</p

Protein intake, body weight variation, blood cell count, and concentrations of plasma protein, albumin, and pre-albumin of control and malnourished mice.

<p>The results, expressed as the means with standard deviations, are presented for protein consumption, change in body weight, serum protein, albumin, and pre-albumin concentrations, number of erythrocytes, hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit, number of reticulocytes, and total number of leukocytes, neutrophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes of control and malnourished animals. The number in parentheses denotes the total number of animals used in the experiment.</p>*<p>(p ≤ 0.05) and ***(p ≤ 0.001) indicates where there was a significant difference between the control group and the malnourished group.</p

Sections of bone and marrow from control and malnourished animals.

<p>(A) Bone marrow biopsy section from a control animal showing normal cellularity with heterogeneous populations of cells at different stages of maturation. Embedded in paraffin (HE stain, ×4). (<b>B</b>) Bone marrow biopsy section from a malnourished animal showing severe hypocellularity. Embedded in paraffin (HE stain, ×4). (<b>C</b>) Bone marrow biopsy section from a control animal showing normal cellularity. Embedded in paraffin (HE stain, ×1000). (<b>D</b>) Bone marrow biopsy section from a malnourished animal showing hypocellularity and adipocytes increase. Embedded in paraffin (HE stain, ×1000). Sections are representative of control (n = 6) or malnourished group (n = 6).</p