4 research outputs found

    La problématique des "droits sur le carbone" dans REDD+

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    La question " qui a droit au carbone? " ou " qui a droit aux crĂ©dits carbone? " est potentiellement conflictuelle dans les projets pour la RĂ©duction des Émissions liĂ©es Ă  la DĂ©forestation et Ă  la DĂ©gradation (REDD+)1, alors qu'elle ne se pose pour le moment pas pour les activitĂ©s de rĂ©duction des Ă©missions au titre du MĂ©canisme pour un DĂ©veloppement Propre (MDP) dans les autres secteurs de l'Ă©conomie (Ă©nergie, mĂ©thanisation, etc.)2 ? Quelles sont les raisons d'une telle diffĂ©rence et quelles sont les implications possibles pour la mise en oeuvre des projets en lien avec REDD+? On peut faire l'hypothĂšse que le fait que la forĂȘt soit un stock de carbone, alors que dans les autres secteurs on a affaire Ă  des flux (qu'il faut diminuer), est sans doute Ă  l'origine du questionnement singulier autour des " droits sur le carbone ". 2 Poser la question dans les termes " qui a droit au carbone? " ne fait guĂšre de sens. Il faut entendre " qui a droit Ă  ĂȘtre rĂ©munĂ©rĂ© pour une activitĂ© qui contribue Ă  rĂ©duire les Ă©missions, Ă  conserver ou augmenter les stocks de carbone? ". Par ailleurs, le fait d'ouvrir un dĂ©bat sur cette question laisse croire que les rĂšgles encore en dĂ©bat Ă  propos de l'architecture et du financement de REDD+ seraient dĂ©jĂ  adoptĂ©es, alors mĂȘme qu'elles font l'objet de difficiles nĂ©gociations. 3 AprĂšs un rappel sur la genĂšse de REDD+ et les architectures actuellement en dĂ©bat, nous aborderons la question des " projets pilotes REDD+ " et des marchĂ©s volontaires, puis nous dĂ©velopperons les deux principaux modĂšles Ă©conomiques proposĂ©s pour REDD+ et, enfin, nous analyserons les implications de ces modĂšles en termes de propriĂ©tĂ© des droits carbone, avant de proposer une distinction importante entre " rentes " et " bĂ©nĂ©fices " dans un tel mĂ©canisme. (RĂ©sumĂ© d'auteur

    E2F1 interacts with BCL‐xL and regulates its subcellular localization dynamics to trigger cell death

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    International audienceE2F1 is the main pro-apoptotic effector of the pRB-regulated tumor suppressor pathway by promoting the transcription of various pro-apoptotic proteins. We report here that E2F1 partly localizes to mitochondria, where it favors mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization. E2F1 interacts with BCL-xL independently from its BH3 binding interface and induces a stabilization of BCL-xL at mitochondrial membranes. This prevents efficient control of BCL-xL over its binding partners, in particular over BAK resulting in the induction of cell death. We thus identify a new, non-BH3-binding regulator of BCL-xL localization dynamics that influences its anti-apoptotic activity

    Tight Sequestration of BH3 Proteins by BCL-xL at Subcellular Membranes Contributes to Apoptotic Resistance

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    Anti-apoptotic BCL-2 family members bind to BH3-only proteins and multidomain BAX/BAK to preserve mitochondrial integrity and maintain survival. Whereas inhibition of these interactions is the biological basis of BH3-mimetic anti-cancer therapy, the actual response of membrane-bound protein complexes to these compounds is currently ill-defined. Here, we find that treatment with BH3 mimetics targeting BCL-xL spares subsets of cells with the highest levels of this protein. In intact cells, sequestration of some pro-apoptotic activators (including PUMA and BIM) by full-length BCL-xL is much more resistant to derepression than previously described in cell-free systems. Alterations in the BCL-xL C-terminal anchor that impacts subcellular membrane-targeting and localization dynamics restore sensitivity. Thus, the membrane localization of BCL-xL enforces its control over cell survival and, importantly, limits the pro-apoptotic effects of BH3 mimetics by selectively influencing BCL-xL binding to key pro-apoptotic effectors

    STING-dependent paracriny shapes apoptotic priming of breast tumors in response to anti-mitotic treatment

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    International audienceA fascinating but uncharacterized action of antimitotic chemotherapy is to collectively prime cancer cells to apoptotic mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP), while impacting only on cycling cell subsets. Here, we show that a proapoptotic secretory phenotype is induced by activation of cGAS/STING in cancer cells that are hit by antimitotic treatment, accumulate micronuclei and maintain mitochondrial integrity despite intrinsic apoptotic pressure. Organotypic cultures of primary human breast tumors and patient-derived xenografts sensitive to paclitaxel exhibit gene expression signatures typical of type I IFN and TNFα exposure. These cytokines induced by cGAS/STING activation trigger NOXA expression in neighboring cells and render them acutely sensitive to BCL-xL inhibition. cGAS/STING-dependent apoptotic effects are required for paclitaxel response in vivo, and they are amplified by sequential, but not synchronous, administration of BH3 mimetics. Thus anti-mitotic agents propagate apoptotic priming across heterogeneously sensitive cancer cells through cytosolic DNA sensing pathway-dependent extracellular signals, exploitable by delayed MOMP targeting
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