Modulated contact frequencies at gene-rich loci support a statistical helix model for mammalian chromatin organization

International audienceABSTRACT: BACKGROUND: Despite its critical role for mammalian gene regulation, the basic structural landscape of chromatin in living cells remains largely unknown within chromosomal territories below the megabase scale. RESULTS: Here, using the 3C-qPCR method, we investigate contact frequencies at high resolution within the interphase chromatin at several mouse loci. We find that, at several gene-rich loci, contact frequencies undergo a periodical modulation (every 90-100 kb) that affects chromatin dynamics over large genomic distances (few hundred kb). Interestingly, this modulation appears to be conserved in human cells and bioinformatic analyses of locus-specific, long-range cis-interactions suggest that it may underlie the dynamics of a significant number of gene-rich domains in mammals, thus contributing to genome evolution. Finally, using an original model derived from polymer physics, we show that this modulation can be understood as a fundamental helix shape that chromatin tends to adopt in gene-rich domains when no significant locus-specific interaction takes place. CONCLUSIONS: Altogether, our work unveils a fundamental aspect of chromatin dynamics in mammals and contributes to a better understanding of genome organization within chromosomal territories

research of genetic factors involved in malaria and sepsis resistance : genomewide genetic linkage and association studies, integration of association's results in protein-protein interactions networks

Le paludisme et le sepsis sont des maladies infectieuses très répandues causant plusieurs centaines de milliers de morts tous les ans. Elles sont toutes deux multifactorielles. Les devenirs de ces infections sont influencés par des facteurs environnementaux, par des facteurs sociaux-économiques, politiques et comportementaux mais aussi par des variables dépendant du patient comme son âge. De nombreux arguments existent en faveur d'un contrôle génétique de la résistance au paludisme et au sepsis. Ces deux maladies sont considérées comme proches par les spécialistes car leur physiopathologie est liée notamment à une inflammation systémique non contrôlée responsable des formes les plus graves. Afin d'identifier de nouveaux gènes potentiellement impliqués dans la résistance à ces deux maladies, nous avons effectué des études génétiques pangénomiques dans deux populations vivant en zone endémique pour le paludisme à Plasmodium falciparum au Burkina-Faso et dans une cohorte de patients atteints de sepsis.Enfin nous avons réalisé les deux premières études d'association pangénomiques identifiant des associations significatives avec la mortalité suite à un choc septique. Nous avons obtenu 32 SNPs significativement associés à la mortalité précoce et 108 significativement associés à la mortalité tardive. Le réseau des interactions protéine-protéine impliquant les protéines codées par les gènes associés a permis d'établir une liste non exhaustive des fonctions altérées durant le choc septique, notamment liées à la réponse immune, et a révélé, malgré les différences au niveau des gènes impliqués, un mécanisme commun participant à la susceptibilité précoce et tardive au choc septique.Malaria and sepsis are widespread infectious diseases causing hundreds of thousands deaths each year. There is a growing body of evidence for a genetic control of malaria and sepsis resistance. Both diseases are considered close because they are characterized by a systemic inflammation, some common organ dysfunctions, and disorders of coagulation. In order to identify new genes potentially involved in disease resistance, we performed genomewide genetic studies in two populations living in endemic regions for Plasmodium falciparum malaria in Burkina-Faso and in a cohort of septic shock patients. Genetic linkage studies revealed significant genetic linkages on chromosome 6p21.3 and 17p12 with, respectively, mild malaria and asymptomatic parasitaemia. We also performed the first genetic linkage studies concerning immunoglobulin G and their sub-classes against Plasmodium falciparum antigens. We detected significant linkages of IgG3 sub-class with chromosomes 8p22-p21 and 20q13 and between IgG4 sub-class and chromosome 9q34. Finally we performed the first two genomewide association studies identifying significant associations with all-causes mortality after a septic shock. We identified 32 SNPs significantly associated with early mortality and 108 SNPs significantly associated with late mortality. We identified a protein-protein network containing proteins associated with both early and late mortality. Furthermore, the network of protein-protein interactions involving proteins encoded by associated genes allowed us to establish a list of some altered functions during septic shock, most of them being related to the immune responses or the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

A genome scan for Plasmodium falciparum malaria identifies quantitative trait loci on chromosomes 5q31, 6p21.3, 17p12, and 19p13

International audienceBackground: Genome-wide studies have mapped several loci controlling Plasmodium falciparum mild malaria and parasitaemia, only two of them being significant at the genome level. The objective of the present study was to identify malaria resistance loci in individuals living in Burkina Faso.Methods: A genome scan that involved 314 individuals belonging to 63 families was performed. Markers located within chromosomes 6p21.3 and 17p12 were genotyped in 247 additional individuals belonging to 55 families. The linkage and the association of markers with parasitaemia and mild malaria were assessed by using the maximum-likelihood binomial method extended to quantitative trait linkage and the quantitative trait disequilibrium test, respectively.Results: Multipoint linkage analysis showed a significant linkage of mild malaria to chromosome 6p21.3 (LOD score 3.73, P = 1.7 10 −5), a suggestive linkage of mild malaria to chromosome 19p13.12 (LOD score 2.50, P = 3.5 10 −4), and a suggestive linkage of asymptomatic parasitaemia to chromosomes 6p21.3 (LOD score 2.36, P = 4.9 10 −4) and 17p12 (LOD score 2.87, P = 1.4 10 −4). Genome-wide family-based association analysis revealed a significant association between three chromosome 5q31 markers and asymptomatic parasitaemia, whereas there was no association with mild malaria. When taking into account 247 additional individuals, a significant linkage of asymptomatic parasitaemia to chromosome 17p12 (LOD score 3.6, P = 2 10 −5) was detected.Conclusion: A new genome-wide significant malaria locus on chromosome 17p12 and a new suggestive locus on chromosome 19p13.12 are reported. Moreover, there was evidence that confirmed the influence of chromosomes 5q31 and 6p21.3 as loci controlling mild malaria or asymptomatic parasitaemia

Genetic Predisposition to the Mortality in Septic Shock Patients: From GWAS to the Identification of a Regulatory Variant Modulating the Activity of a CISH Enhancer

International audienceThe high mortality rate in septic shock patients is likely due to environmental and genetic factors, which influence the host response to infection. Two genome-wide association studies (GWAS) on 832 septic shock patients were performed. We used integrative bioinformatic approaches to annotate and prioritize the sepsis-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). An association of 139 SNPs with death based on a false discovery rate of 5% was detected. The most significant SNPs were within the CISH gene involved in cytokine regulation. Among the 139 SNPs associated with death and the 1311 SNPs in strong linkage disequilibrium with them, we investigated 1439 SNPs within non-coding regions to identify regulatory variants. The highest integrative weighted score (IW-score) was obtained for rs143356980, indicating that this SNP is a robust regulatory candidate. The rs143356980 region is located in a non-coding region close to the CISH gene. A CRISPR-Cas9-mediated deletion of this region and specific luciferase assays in K562 cells showed that rs143356980 modulates the enhancer activity in K562 cells. These analyses allowed us to identify several genes associated with death in patients with septic shock. They suggest that genetic variations in key genes, such as CISH, perturb relevant pathways, increasing the risk of death in sepsis patient

A slow cycling Lgr5 tumor cell population mediates resistance to Smoothened inhibitor in Basal Cell Carcinoma

Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common human cancer. Smoothened inhibitor (Smoi) is used for the treatment of locally advanced and metastatic BCC. The mechanism by which Smoi mediates BCC regression is currently unknown. Here, we used two different genetically engineered mouse models to investigate the mechanisms by which Smoi mediates tumor regression. We found that Smoi mediates BCC regression by inhibiting their reprogramming into hair follicle like fate and promoting their differentiation towards interfollicular epidermis, infundibulum and sebaceous gland fates depending on their cellular origin. During the course of Smoi administration, some BCC became resistant to therapy mimicking the situation found in humans. We demonstrated that the resistant tumor cells express Lgr5 and were characterized by active Wnt signalling in mouse and human BCCs. Smoi in combination with Lgr5 lineage ablation or Wnt signalling inhibition leads to BCC eradication. Altogether, our study reveals that Smoi induces tumor regression by promoting tumor differentiation, and demonstrates that the synergy between Wnt and Smo inhibitors constitutes a clinically relevant strategy to overcome resistance to therapy in BCCs

YAP and TAZ are essential for basal and squamous cell carcinoma initiation.

YAP and TAZ are key downstream regulators of the Hippo pathway, regulating cell proliferation and differentiation. YAP and TAZ activation has been reported in different cancer types. However, it remains unclear whether they are required for the initiation of major skin malignancies like basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Here, we analyze the expression of YAP and TAZ in these skin cancers and evaluate cancer initiation in knockout mouse models. We show that YAP and TAZ are nuclear and highly expressed in different BCC types in both human and mice. Further, we find that cells with nuclear YAP and TAZ localize to the invasive front in well-differentiated SCC, whereas nuclear YAP is homogeneously expressed in spindle cell carcinoma undergoing EMT We also show that mouse BCC and SCC are enriched for YAP gene signatures. Finally, we find that the conditional deletion of YAP and TAZ in mouse models of BCC and SCC prevents tumor formation. Thus, YAP and TAZ are key determinants of skin cancer initiation, suggesting that targeting the YAP and TAZ signaling pathway might be beneficial for the treatment of skin cancers.SCOPUS: ar.jinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

Epidermal autonomous VEGFA/Flt1/Nrp1 functions mediate psoriasis-like disease.

Psoriasis is a common chronic skin disorder characterized by keratinocyte hyperproliferation with altered differentiation accompanied by inflammation and increased angiogenesis. It remains unclear whether the first events that initiate psoriasis development occur in keratinocytes or inflammatory cells. Here, using different psoriasis mouse models, we showed that conditional deletion of Flt1 or Nrp1 in epidermal cells inhibited psoriasis mediated by Vegfa overexpression or c-Jun/JunB deletion. Administration of anti-Nrp1 antibody reverted the psoriasis phenotype. Using transcriptional and chromatin profiling of epidermal cells following Vegfa overexpression together with Flt1 or Nrp1 deletion, we identified the gene regulatory network regulated by Vegfa/Nrp1/Flt1 during psoriasis development and uncovered a key role of Fosl1 in regulating the chromatin remodeling mediated by Vegfa overexpression in keratinocytes. In conclusion, our study identifies an epidermal autonomous function of Vegfa/Nrp1/Flt1 that mediates psoriatic-like disease and demonstrates the clinical relevance of blocking Vegfa/Nrp1/Flt1 axis in psoriasis.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishe

High Blood Eosinophil Count at Stable State is Not Associated with Airway Microbiota Distinct Profile in COPD

International audiencePurpose: The heterogeneity of clinical features in COPD at stable state has been associated with airway microbiota. Blood eosinophil count (BEC) represents a biomarker for a pejorative evolution of COPD, including exacerbations and accelerated FEV1 decline. We aimed to analyse the associations between BEC and airway microbiota in COPD at stable state. Patients and methods: Adult COPD patients at stable state (RINNOPARI cohort) were included and characterised for clinical, functional, biological and morphological features. BEC at inclusion defined 2 groups of patients with low BEC <300/mm3 and high BEC ≥300/mm3. Sputa were collected and an extended microbiological culture was performed for the identification of viable airway microbiota. Results: Fifty-nine subjects were included. When compared with the low BEC (n=40, 67.8%), the high BEC group (n=19, 32.2%) had more frequent exacerbations (p<0.001) and more pronounced cough and sputum (p<0.05). The global composition, the number of bacteria per sample and the α-diversity of the microbiota did not differ between groups, as well as the predominant phyla (Firmicutes), or the gender repartition.Conclusion: In our study, high BEC in COPD at stable state was associated with a clinical phenotype including frequent exacerbation, but no distinct profile of viable airway microbiota compared with low BEC

Extended Bacteria Culture-Based Clustering Identifies a Phenotype Associating Increased Cough and Enterobacterales in Stable Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

International audienceChronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a chronic inflammatory lung disease characterized by airflow limitation. This chronic respiratory disease represents the third leading cause of death worldwide. Alteration of the airway microbiota has been reported to be associated with exacerbation frequency in COPD, but its role on the symptoms in patients at stable state is still incompletely described. This study aimed to determine whether bacteria isolated in sputum can be associated with the clinical features of COPD patients within stable state. Our study highlights, for the first time, that altered microbiota with Enterobacterales is associated with pejorative clinical symptoms in stable COPD patients. The airway microbiota of 38 patients was analyzed using an extended culture approach and mass spectrometry identification. Cluster analysis by principal coordinate analysis of the bacterial communities showed that the patients could be classified into three distinct clusters in our cohort. The clusters showed no differences in proportions of the phylum, but one of them was associated with a high prevalence of Enterobacterales (71.4% in cluster 1 vs. 0% in cluster 3), loss of microbiota diversity, and higher bacterial load (10 7 vs. 10 5 CFU/ml, respectively) and characterized by predominant cough and impact on mental health. These novel findings, supported by further studies, could lead to modifying the processing of COPD sputum in the everyday practice of clinical microbiology laboratories