61 research outputs found
Exposure to Environmental Tobacco Smoke and Cognitive Abilities among U.S. Children and Adolescents
We used the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III), conducted from 1988 to 1994, to investigate the relationship between environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) exposure and cognitive abilities among U.S. children and adolescents 6ā16 years of age. Serum cotinine was used as a biomarker of ETS exposure. Children were included in the sample if their serum cotinine levels were ā¤15 ng/mL, a level consistent with ETS exposure, and if they denied using any tobacco products in the previous 5 days. Cognitive and academic abilities were assessed using the reading and math subtests of the Wide Range Achievement TestāRevised and the block design and digit span subtests of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for ChildrenāIII. Analyses were conducted using SUDAAN software. Of the 5,365 6- to 16-year-olds included in NHANES III, 4,399 (82%) were included in this analysis. The geometric mean serum cotinine level was 0.23 ng/mL (range, 0.035ā15 ng/mL); 80% of subjects had levels < 1 ng/mL. After adjustment for sex, race, region, poverty, parent education and marital status, ferritin, and blood lead concentration, there was a significant inverse relationship between serum cotinine and scores on reading (Ī²= ā2.69, p = 0.001), math (Ī²= ā1.93, p = 0.01), and block design (Ī²= ā0.55, p < 0.001) but not digit span (Ī²= ā0.08, p = 0.52). The estimated ETS-associated decrement in cognitive test scores was greater at lower cotinine levels. A log-linear analysis was selected as the best fit to characterize the increased slope in cognitive deficits at lower levels of exposure. These data, which indicate an inverse association between ETS exposure and cognitive deficits among children even at extremely low levels of exposure, support policy to further restrict childrenās exposure
Monoamines in the pedal plexus of the land snail Megalobulimus oblongus (Gastropoda, Pulmonata)
Ordered Silicon Microwire Arrays Grown from Substrates Patterned Using Imprint Lithography and Electrodeposition
Comparison of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Neurons and Rat Primary Cortical Neurons as In Vitro
Chronic lead exposure alters presynaptic calcium regulation and synaptic facilitation in Drosophila larvae
Effects of Cu2+, Pb2+ and Zn2+ on voltage-activated currents in Helix pomatia L. Neurons
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