L'AGRICULTURE URBAINE, CONTRIBUTRICE DES STRATEGIES ALIMENTAIRES DES MEGAPOLES ?

11 pInternational audienceLocalisée dans (intra) ou autour (péri) des mégapoles, l'agriculture dite urbaine (urban agriculture dans la littérature anglo-saxonne) est ici considérée comme celle dont les produits et/ou services sont au moins en partie destinés aux villes et pour laquelle les ressources productives, dont le foncier, font l'objet d'usages en partie concurrentiels avec ces villes. Par des systèmes techniques et des modes de distribution diversifiés, elle contribue, fortement dans les pays du sud et de plus en plus dans les pays du nord, aux approvisionnements alimentaires des villes, d'une façon très variée en termes quantitatifs et en termes de populations concernées. Multifonctionnelle, elle contribue aussi à d'autres besoins environnementaux, sociaux ou de cadre de vie des urbains. Évolutive partout, elle conquiert de plus en plus l'intra-urbain, y compris le bâti. Ces agricultures urbaines, notamment dans leurs fonctions alimentaires variées, posent de nombreuses questions à la recherche. Parmi ces questions, celles de l'adéquation des techniques de productions aux localisations et aux filières visées (de l'autoproduction à l'approvisionnement de grandes surfaces) et celles des risques de pollution des produits du fait des pollutions urbaines du sol, de l'air voir de l'eau, sont l'objet de travaux en cours. Les services éco-systémiques de type environnemental sont souvent évoqués par les villes lorsqu'elles communiquent autour des projets d'agriculture urbaine, mais mériteraient d'être mieux établis : rôles de la biodiversité cultivée dans la biodiversité globale des milieux urbains et périurbains, réduction des émissions de gaz à effet de serre notamment par l'évitement de transports alimentaires, point controversé, captation des eaux de pluies ou réduction des îlots de chaleur, pour lesquels des comparaisons avec d'autres formes de végétalisations du bâti seraient souhaitables

FARM CERTIFICATION AND THE IMPLEMENTATION OF HACCP IN AGRICULTURE: A COST/BENEFIT ANALYSIS

This article aims to highlight the methodological bases and principles, sometimes implicit, that have served as support for the development of a referential similar to the one retained as part of the French decree on "Agriculture Raisonnée", namely the Quali'Terre referential. We show that the innovations introduced by this referential are of various natures: i) a change of perspective by taking a position at the level of the farming system and not of a given parcel of land or production, ii) use of the HACCP method for identification and most especially the prioritization of risks and the preventive measures to be implemented, iii) the introduction of the concept of continual improvement for the farmer. Even, if from an agronomic point of view, the application of this type of referential does not seem insurmountable, we show that, based on a study of about one hundred farms in Picardie, its global approach on farm management, unstead of just applying technical requirements, involves changes in farmer's practices that are more difficult than what was expected first.HACCP, methodology, cost/benefit analysis, farming system, risk assessment., Farm Management, Q16, Q20, M11, D21,

Urban agriculture and sustainable urban landscape. An applied research on two case studies (Madagascar and Senegal)

In developing countries, like in Madagascar and Senegal facing high rates of urbanisation, urban agriculture is progressively taken into account in urban planning. To produce knowledge on this largely unknown activity and to help to design its place in urban landscape, two researches have been done with numerous surveys of farmers and of other stakeholders. We analysed the urban agriculture functions and its internal and external sustainability. With these tools and in straight relationships with urban planners and decision?makers, it was possible to discuss the types of production systems and zones where agriculture should be preserved to contribute to sustainable urban landscape. (Résumé d'auteur

DIVERSITE ET DURABILITE DE L'AGRICULTURE URBAINE : UNE NECESSAIRE ADAPTATION DES CONCEPTS ?

N° ISBN - 978-2-7380-1284-5International audienceSocial, economical and environmental conditions of Urban Agriculture are very different between industrialized and developing countries, some research models and operational tools may be similarly questioned by this agriculture. In three case studies: in Senegal, France and Madagascar, where agro-economic surveys where done in punctual or long-term research programs, we question the renewal of the representation of farming systems' diversity, the duality of the concepts of sustainability and the analysis of multi-functionality of Urban Agriculture according to different actors. The global activity system must be taken into account due to the frequency of external activities to understand the agricultural production system itself. An external sustainability, i.e. the vision the urban planners and residents have about Urban Agriculture compared to other urban uses of land, is as important as the classical internal sustainability of farming systems to diagnose the future of urban agriculture. The place the urban planners give to agriculture in urban projects depends on the functions they or the inhabitants recognize to it. Thus, research must analyse them and lighten the hierarchy of functions made by these different stakeholders. The analysis of multifunctionality of urban agriculture crossed with internal and external diagnosis of sustainability is an important tool to help urban decision-makers to consider agriculture in urban planning

Trafic routier et distances de sécurité : Le dilemme de l’agriculture en Ile-de-france

Les distances de sécurité représentent la solution la plus facilement applicable lorsqu’il s’agit de protéger les cultures agricoles de pollutions diffuses aux effets encore mal connus. Dans les années 90, certains acteurs de la filière céréales ont adopté des distances de sécurité entre les routes et les champs pour se prémunir de risques éventuels de contamination due à la pollution du trafic routier. Puis, ces mesures ont été partiellement délaissées en filière céréale alors qu’elles apparaissaient, moyennant des aménagements notoires, dans d’autres filières (herbes aromatiques). Notre étude porte sur la région Île-de-France, dont l’occupation agricole du territoire est importante et qui présente également une forte densité de réseaux routiers très fréquentés. Par une approche interdisciplinaire, notre objectif est donc de clarifier cette situation pour le moins complexe, de comprendre la genèse et l’évolution de ces distances tout en essayant d’en mesurer les effets en termes de gestion de risques (en lien avec divers usages du principe de précaution) tant sur le plan social que technique.The application of isolation distances is the easiest response for protecting agricultural crops from diffuse pollution effects still unknown. In the 90’s, some actors in the cereal supply chains have tried to limit potential risks by producing technical guidelines, including isolation distances between major roads and fields farmed under contract. These measures were then partially abandoned in the cereal sector but appeared later on in other sectors (aromatic herbs) with notable improvements. Our study focuses on the Ile-de-France region, which presents both a large agricultural area and an important road network. Through an interdisciplinary approach, our goal is to clarify this complex situation, to understand the genesis and evolution of these distances while measuring the effects concerning risk management (in connection with various uses of the precautionary principle) both socially and technically

Nicole Mathieu, Les relations villes/campagnes. Histoire d’une question politique et scientifique,

Historienne et géographe, Nicole Mathieu valorise pleinement cette double culture dans la thématique qui a jalonné sa carrière, les relations entre les villes et les campagnes. En une introduction, deux parties relatives à deux décennies et une conclusion sur la décennie en cours, l’historienne nous offre dans cet ouvrage une rétrospective éclairante sur les évolutions des concepts, méthodologies et questionnements scientif..

Fonction Alimentaire de l'agriculture urbaine au Nord et au Sud: Permanence et renouvellement des questions de recherche

N° ISBN - 978-2-7380-1284-5International audienceThe worldwide growth of urban population questions the alimentary function of agriculture near the cities. In developing countries, urban agriculture products are increasingly contributing to urban diets and in northern countries, the crisis of the "globalized agri-food system" (Morgan & al, 2006) increases the urban dwellers' interest for local products. This persistence and/or renewal of the alimentary function of urban agriculture nevertheless addresses main questions for agronomic research (i) how to quantify the alimentary function of urban agriculture, when basic statistical data are scarce (ii) what are the place of short supply chains in this alimentary function, the geographical proximity between consumers and producers leading to different forms of relationships (iii) what are the specific risks that urban proximity implies on urban agricultural products? With the crosses examples of three research programs, two in Madagascar and one in the Ile de France Region, near Paris, we show that multi-disciplinary approaches are necessary to assess these points. The topic of alimentary function of urban agriculture needs more research to deal with a difficult but very up-to-date problem

Dyspnea and Wheezing after Adenosine Injection in a Patient with Eosinophilic Bronchitis

A 58-year-old nonsmoker female was referred for evaluation of chronic cough of 13 months duration. After an initial work-up, the patient was diagnosed to have chronic cough due to eosinophilic bronchitis. The diagnostic work-up for eosinophilic bronchitis and bronchial biopsy is discussed. Eosinophilic bronchitis is differentiated from asthma. In addition, the patient developed dyspnea, flushing, and wheezing after the administration of adenosine during a cardiac stress test in spite of a negative methacholine challenge. This indirect stimulus of airway hyperresponsiveness suggests the possible involvement of mast cells in eosinophilic bronchitis